How have the farmers changed their production practices since 1960's?
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Before discussing the ways in which agricultural change has impacted on wildlife, we outline the nature and extent of the major changes that have occurred. We focus on arable farming, although changes in lowland pastoral and upland agriculture are likely to be at least as great (Vickery et al. 2001). The policies underlying these changes are discussed by Robson (1997) and their wider impacts by Harvey (1997) and Pretty (1998).
Following removal of government support in the mid‐19th century, which allowed cheap imports of grain from North America, much arable land fell into disuse or was converted to pasture as dairy and sheep farming were more profitable (O’Connor & Shrubb 1986; Stoate 1995). Because of this reduced capacity and the unreliability of imports, there was a shortage of food, especially cereals, during the Second World War. A consequent desire for self‐sufficiency and demand for an increased standard of living after the austerity of the war has driven British post‐war agricultural policy, initially through the Agriculture Act of 1947. This introduced widespread price maintenance for crops and capital grants and subsidies to encourage investment in agriculture, with a resultant increase in the area of arable land (). Many of the aims of the Act are also encompassed in the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP; originally established in 1962), with the result that trends in agricultural practice in Britain are reflected throughout much of western Europe
Before discussing the ways in which agricultural change has impacted on wildlife, we outline the nature and extent of the major changes that have occurred. We focus on arable farming, although changes in lowland pastoral and upland agriculture are likely to be at least as great (Vickery et al. 2001). The policies underlying these changes are discussed by Robson (1997) and their wider impacts by Harvey (1997) and Pretty (1998).
Following removal of government support in the mid‐19th century, which allowed cheap imports of grain from North America, much arable land fell into disuse or was converted to pasture as dairy and sheep farming were more profitable (O’Connor & Shrubb 1986; Stoate 1995). Because of this reduced capacity and the unreliability of imports, there was a shortage of food, especially cereals, during the Second World War. A consequent desire for self‐sufficiency and demand for an increased standard of living after the austerity of the war has driven British post‐war agricultural policy, initially through the Agriculture Act of 1947. This introduced widespread price maintenance for crops and capital grants and subsidies to encourage investment in agriculture, with a resultant increase in the area of arable land (). Many of the aims of the Act are also encompassed in the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP; originally established in 1962), with the result that trends in agricultural practice in Britain are reflected throughout much of western Europe
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Since 1960, the production practices of the farmers have changed in the following ways:
(i) Use of fertilizers has increased.
(ii) Use of pesticides and insecticides has been introduced.
(iii) Farmers use technological gadgets for farming.
(iv) Cloning is being used.
(v) Less organic food grain is being produced.
(vi) Harvesting methods have changed.
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