how human of dubagunta fought over mighty political power in abolishing alcohol
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Explanation: The anti-Arrack movement was a mass uprising of women against the production and sale of country liquor – arrack. Stemming out of recognition of the effects of liquor consumption among rural women in Andhra Pradesh, the movement became one of the biggest agitations lead by women as a collective against the state and its agencies, leading to the total prohibition of production of illicit liquor in the state.
The National Literacy Movement
In January 1990, the national literacy movement was launched in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. The state-organised mass-literacy campaigns led to women getting together and discussing their problems. The awareness brought on by these group discussions resulted in the women discovering that the consumption of locally made, cheap liquor-Arrack- was the source of their unsettled domestic life. The anti-Arrack movement was a consequence of these meetings and stemmed as a spontaneous movement in the small village of Dubagunta in Andhra Pradesh.
Formation of the Crime-Politics Nexus
In Andhra Pradesh, the political structure in the state at the time was determined by the sale of Arrack, as liquor contractors earned so much and had enough resources and political patronage to rise to the level of politicians themselves. They spent the money from liquor sales to maintain gangs, which would, in turn, help maintain their monopoly in the Arrack business. Despite the bribes given to excise officials, between 1970-71, the government made Rs 390 million from excise duty from the liquor sale, which rose to Rs 8.12 billion in 1991-92. With the money the contractors saved by not paying excise duty, they invested in real estate, films, finance and construction projects, and made donations to cultural and religious institutions thus further strengthening their political tout.