How is DNA different from RNA
Answers
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Structurally, DNA and RNA are nearly identical. As mentioned earlier, however, there are three fundamental differences that account for the very different functions of the two molecules. RNA has a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar like DNA. RNA nucleotides have a uracil base instead of thymine.
Structural Name: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
Function: Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information. Transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. This process prevents the DNA from having to leave the nucleus, so it stays safe. Without RNA, proteins could never be made.
Structure: Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides. A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides.
Bases/Sugars: Long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Shorter polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
Base Pairing: A-T (Adenine-Thymine), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) A-U (Adenine-Uracil), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
Stability: Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less reactive because of C-H bonds. Stable in alkaline conditions. DNA has smaller grooves where the damaging enzyme can attach which makes it harder for the enzyme to attack DNA. Ribose sugar is more reactive because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds. Not stable in alkaline conditions. RNA on the other hand has larger grooves which makes it easier to be attacked by enzymes.
Unique Traits: The helix geometry of DNA is of B-Form. DNA is completely protected by the body i.e. the body destroys enzymes that cleave DNA. DNA can be damaged by exposure to Ultra-violet rays. The helix geometry of RNA is of A-Form. RNA strands are continually made, broken down and reused. RNA is more resistant to damage by Ultra-violet rays.