Question

How is HDI expressed?​

Answer 1

Answer:

Explanation:The Human Development Index HDI is defined as the composite statistics used to rank countries by levels of human development. The HDI is a measure of health, education and income. It measures the average achievements in a country in these three basic dimensions of human development, calculated into an index.

HDI Dimensions and Indicators

The 2010 Human Development Report revised the HDI formula using data and methodologies that were not available in most countries when the first HDI was published in the 1990 Human Development Report. The HDI was calculated in 2010 using the following indicators:

Health - Life expectancy at birth

Education - expected years schooling for school-age children and average years of schooling in the adult population

Income - measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP US$)

HDI EN.png

The disaggregated HDI

One way the use of the human development index has been improved is through disaggregation. A country's overall index can conceal the fact that different groups within the country have very different levels of human development. Disaggregated HDIs are arrived at by using the data for the HDI components pertaining to each of the separate groups; treating each group as if it was a separate country. Such groups may be defined relative to income, geographical or administrative regions, urban/rural residence, gender and ethnicity.

Adjusting the HDI for inequalities

In 2010, the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) was introduced. The IHDI is the HDI adjusted for inequalities in the distribution of achievements in each of the three dimensions of the HDI (health, education and income). The IHDI will be equal to the HDI value when there is no inequality, but falls below the HDI value as inequality rises. The difference between the HDI and the IHDI represents the ‘loss’ in potential human development due to inequality and can be expressed as a percentage. In 2012 the IHDI was calculated for 132 countries and the results are telling. For example, United States suffers a loss of more than 12% when its HDI value is adjusted for inequalities and moves 13 places down in rank.

Answer 2

Answer:

A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge, as measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and. a decent standard of living, as measured by GNI per capita in PPP terms in US dollar.

Explanation:

A long and healthy life, access to information, and a reasonable level of living are the three main elements of human development that are captured by the Human Development Index (HDI).

The HDI uses four essential metrics:

• life expectancy at birth - to gauge the likelihood of a long and healthy
• life average years of schooling - to gauge the older generation's
• access to knowledge gross national income (GNI) per capita - to
• gauge the standard of living life expectancy at birth - to gauge the likelihood of a long and healthy life.

Aggregating the four measures together to create the HDI

The HDI is derived by adding up each of the different indices that have been calculated.

The geometric mean of life expectancy, education, and GNI per capita, equally weighted, is used to construct the HDI, as shown below:

$HDI=(I_{Health } \ast I_{Education}\ast I_{_Income})^{1/3}$

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