Question

How is neurotransmitter uptake from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 1

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Answer 2

Removal of neurotransmitter:

 Removal of neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft is essential for normal synaptic function.

 If neurotransmitter could linger in the synaptic cleft, it would influence the postsynaptic neuron, muscle fiber or gland cell indefinitely.

 Neurotransmitter is removed in three ways:

• Diffusion: Some portion of neurotransmitter diffuses out of the synaptic cleft.

• Enzymatic degradation: A neurotransmitter may be inactivated through enzymatic degradation. E.g., the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in synaptic cleft.

• Uptake into cells: Some neurotransmitters are actively transported back into the neurons that released them. E.g., Norepinephrine is rapidly taken up by the neurons that release it.

Note: One reason that cocaine produces intense pleasurable feelings (euphoria) is that it blocks uptake of neurotransmitter dopamine. This allows dopamine to linger longer in synaptic cleft, producing excessive stimulation of some brain regions.

Alteration of impulse conduction and synaptic conduction:

 Hypnotics, tranquilizers and anesthetics depress impulse conduction and synaptic transmission by increasing the threshold for excitation of neurons.  

 Caffeine and nicotine reduce the threshold for excitation of neurons and increase alertness.

 Myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disorder) results from antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions and weaken skeletal muscle contraction.

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