Question

How many moles of alcohol are used in acetal formation?

Answer 1

Here's your answer:-
Aldehydes and ketones react with two moles of an alcohol to give 1,1-geminal diethers more commonly known as acetals. The term "acetal" used to be restricted to systems derived from aldehydes and the term "ketal" applied to those from ketones, but chemists now use acetal to describe both.

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Answer 2

Your Answer:

Aldehydes and ketones react with two moles of an alcohol to give 1,1-geminal diethers more commonly known as acetals. The term "acetal" used to be restricted to systems derived from aldehydes and the term "ketal" applied to those from ketones, but chemists now use acetal to describe both.

EXTRA INFORMATION :

Acetalisation is the organic reaction that involves the formation of an acetal (or ketals). One way of acetal formation is the nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to a ketone or an aldehyde. Acetalisation is often used in organic synthesis to create a protecting group because it is a reversible reaction.

Acetalisation is acid catalysed with elimination of water; acetals do not form under basic conditions. The reaction can be driven to the acetal when water is removed from the reaction system either by azeotropic distillation or trapping water with molecular sieves or aluminium oxide.

The carbonyl group in 1 takes a proton from acidic hydronium. The protonated carbonyl group 2 is activated for nucleophilic addition of the alcohol. The structures 2a and 2b are mesomers. After deprotonation of 3 by water the hemiacetal or hemiketal 4 is formed. The hydroxyl group in 4 is protonated leading to the oxonium ion 6 which accepts a second alcohol group to 7 with a final deprotonation to the acetal 8. The reverse reaction takes place by adding water in the same acidic medium. Acetals are stable towards basic media. In a transacetalisation or crossacetalisation a diol reacts with an acetal or two different acetals react with each other. Again this is possible because all the reaction steps are equilibria.

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