Question

How the french parliamentary assemblies originate during the early decades of industrialisation?

Answer 1

N the previous section you have read about certain crucial developments
in the medieval and early modern world – feudalism, the European
‘Renaissance’ and the encounters between Europeans and the peoples
of the Americas. As you would have realised, some of the phenomena that
contributed to the making of our modern world gradually evolved in this
period, and especially so from the mid-fifteenth century onwards. Two
further developments in world history created a context for what has
been called ‘modernisation’. These were the Industrial Revolution and a
series of political revolutions that transformed subjects into citizens,
beginning with the American Revolution (1776-81) and the French
Revolution (1789-94).
Britain has been the world’s first industrial nation and you will read
about how this came to be in Theme 9. For long it was believed that
British industrialisation provided the model for industrialisation in other
countries. The discussion of Theme 9 will show how historians have
begun to question some of the earlier ideas about the Industrial
Revolution. Each country drew upon the experiences of other nations,
without necessarily reproducing any model. In Britain, for instance,
coal and cotton textile industries were developed in the first phase of
industrialisation, while the invention of railways initiated the second
stage of that process. In other countries such as Russia, which began to
industrialise much later (from the late nineteenth century onwards),
the railway and other heavy industry emerged in the initial phase of
industrialisation itself. Likewise, the role of the state, and of banks, in
industrialisation has differed from country to country. The treatment of
the British case in Theme 9 will hopefully whet your curiosity about the
industrial trajectories of other nations such as the USA and Germany,
two significant industrial powers. Theme 9 also emphasises the human
and material costs incurred by Britain on its industrialisation – the
plight of the labouring poor, especially of children, environmental
degradation and the consequent epidemics of cholera and tuberculosis

Answer 2

As in Britain, industrialization in France began in the textile industry. It then spread to heavy industry, especially iron, which became the dominant industrial sector by the mid-19th century.