how to manage increasing pollution article
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Explanation:
Point-source control of pollution is based on emission standards the discharges must meet to be authorized. These standards address general water quality parameters such as Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), suspended solids (SS), or nutrients. In addition, specific legislation may target priority substances, such as trace metals or persistent organics (POPs), whose presence in the discharges may be restricted to maximum levels or prohibited. In Canada, current regulations include testing acute lethality of the effluent to rainbow trout.21
The US Clean Water Act, derived from the 1948 Water Pollution Control Act, was designed to control the point-source discharge of effluents into surface waters. Effluent standards are set for categories of existing sources, including WWTP, and permits of discharge are issued for emissions provided the discharges meet those performance standards. The standards are issued by EPA on the basis, not of ecotoxicological impact or risk assessment, but on the application of the best available technology each type of source can achieve.
In Europe, the protection of the environment from the adverse effects of urban waste water discharges is addressed in Directive 91/1971, (later amended by Directive 98/15/EC) which enforces appropriate collection, secondary treatment for all emissions above 2000 inhabitant equivalents, and additional treatment for nutrient removal for emissions to areas sensitive to hypereutrophication. Also, compliance with general emission standards for BOD , Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), SS, and for sensitive areas, nutrients is required. In addition, Directive 2006/11 issues two lists of priority substances termed dangerous substances, whose emission must be subjected to a previous permit and according to substance-specific emission standards. List I, substances whose pollution in the water should be eliminated, include organohalogens and organophosphates, organotin compounds, Hg, Cd, mineral oil, and petroleum hydrocarbons, carcinogenic and persistent floating substances interfering with navigation, leisure, or other uses of water. List II, whose pollution in the water should be reduced, includes a wide array of trace elements and organic chemicals. The lists are similar to the black and gray lists from the 1972 London Convention.
Depuration may be encouraged in regulations by modulating the emission fees as a function of the contaminant loads in the effluent
These direct regulations based on enforced standards of compulsory compliance are combined in some national legislations like in Spain22 with economic incentives for depuration or emission to less sensitive waters, based on modulating the amount of the fee paid by emitters as a function of the degree of depuration, or use of receiving waters . The weakness of this system is twofold. First, it follows the “polluter pays” principle which can be interpreted as polluting is allowed if polluter can afford it. On the other hand, the amount of the economic incentive is quite moderate. For example, for a class 2 (medium impact) industrial effluent, elimination of dangerous substances following Directive 2006/11/EC from the wastes represents saving only around 15 percent of the fee value. Moreover, except in the unlikely event of an inspection posterior to the concession of the permit establishing otherwise, the C2 value used for all legal discharges is always the corresponding to adequate depuration. Once again, the implementation phase of an environmental law prevents the full benefits that inspired the creation of that law.
Pollution control is an essential task. There are four types of control: legal, social, economical, and technological measures, which help to prevent the pollution by various methods of operations. Waste products enter the environment in various forms and threaten the quality of the air, land, and water. The presence of waste products in water is especially serious, as many of these products can enter the food chain, where the biochemical processes can rapidly increase their concentration to toxic level. Hence, it is extremely important to study the methods of treating waste products and eliminating them from aqueous system. The US Environmental Protection Agency has listed copper as a priority pollutant.
Pollution control has almost become an integral part of the process of industrialization. Appropriate laws have been passed that restrict and regulate the growth of pollution intensive industries, especially in metropolitan cities. It has been made obligatory for industrial units to adopt measures to control pollution.
The pollution powers of plating wastes are reduced within the plant by several means. Many recommendations for modifications in design and operation to reduce wastes have been suggested. The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission has published a guide for these practices.