How were Himalyas formed?
Answers
225 million years ago (Ma) India was a large island situated off the Australian coast and separated from Asia by the Tethys Ocean.
The supercontinent Pangea began to break up 200 Ma and India started a northward drift towards Asia.
80 Ma India was 6,400 km south of the Asian continent but moving towards it at a rate of between 9 and 16 cm per year.
At this time Tethys Ocean floor would have been subducting northwards beneath Asia and the plate margin would have been a Convergent oceanic-continental one just like the Andes today.
From about 50-40 Ma the rate of northward drift of the Indian continental plate slowed to around 4-6 cm per year.
This slowdown is interpreted to mark the beginning of the collision between the Eurasian and Indian continental plates, the closing of the former Tethys Ocean, and the initiation of Himalayan upliftThis caused the continental crust to thicken due to folding and faulting by compressional forces pushing up the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau.
The continental crust here is twice the average thickness at around 75 km.
The thickening of the continental crust marked the end of volcanic activity in the region as any magma moving upwards would solidify before it could reach the surface.
The Himalayas are still rising by more than 1 cm per year as India continues to move northwards into Asia, which explains the occurrence of shallow focus earthquakes in the region today.
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