Question

How would each ideology answer a question like: is the state a means to an end, or is the state the end-in-itself

Answer 1

Answer:

Within the field of sociology, ideology is broadly understood to refer to the sum total of a person's values, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations. Ideology exists within society, within groups, and between people. It shapes our thoughts, actions, and interactions, along with what happens in society at large.

Answer 2

• In complete opposition to this fundamental theory of the ancients is the opinion, which has been often maintained by English and American writers, that the State is not an end in itself, but is simply a means to secure the welfare of individuals.
• The form of the question itself, whether the State is a means or an end, leads to this one-sidedness and therefore to error.
• From one point of view, a thing may be regarded as a means for obtaining other ends, from another as containing its end in itself. A picture is often a means of obtaining a livelihood for the artist or a profit for the picture dealer.
• Yet a true work of art is to the artist the aim of his highest effort; he sees in it the expression of his most vivid feelings, the embodiment of his ideal. In this way, it has its end in itself. So, too, marriage serves undoubtedly as a means for husband and wife to satisfy their individual needs, and to open to both a more happy existence.
• But marriage is also the union of two sexes separated by nature, and on this union is founded the family, i.e. a higher collective unit, to which the individual existence of all its members is subordinate.
• Each member of the family is willing to sacrifice a part of his personal interests and will to the higher end which is involved in marriage and the family.
• The one-sided view of the ancients, which overlooked the individual in the nation, seriously endangered his liberty and his welfare, and led up directly to the conception of omnipotence, which easily degenerated into the tyranny, of the State.
• The equally one-sided view of the modern, which is unable to see the wood for the trees, fails to recognize the majesty of the State and thus tends to dissolve it into a confused mob of individuals and encourage anarchy.

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