Identify any two values which the Indian Constitution reflects from the Indian National Movement of 1870-1947.
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Answers
India’s 1st War of Independence in 1857 kicked out the rogue East India Company, formally ended the Mughal rule and brought in the direct Rule of the British Crown (‘British Raj’). So unsettled were the British by the revolution that they immediately started transporting freedom fighters to Andaman Island (Kālā Pānī) for almost sure torturous death in isolation. Yet, the fervor for freedom continued to grow both in extent and intensity. The British also switched stance and started to groom Rajas and Nawabs as allies. A new breed of educated nationalists started emerging as a new political force that demanded just policies, spread of education and dignified treatment of Indians as well as say in the administration. The British tried to win over these leaders as allies who would help them prevent revolt like situation. In 1885, they propped up a group of Indian elites loyal to the Crown rule. It became Indian National Congress (INC). Two decades later, the INC ceased to be a loyalist club as the nationalist leaders like Tilak and Lajpat Rai gained prominence with their nationalist agenda of Swaraj and Swadeshi. In 1906, the British created a loyal group of Muslims – the All India Muslim League (ML) – to counter the influence of the INC that was fast becoming the pivot for nationalistic movement. Following their ‘divide and rule’ policy they actively encouraged Muslim League’s separatist tendencies by scare mongering of ‘majority Hindu’ dominance. So, partition in 1947 to create an Islamic State was a pre-scripted colonial affair. It was to play an important regional role in the ensuing cold war with the communists post WW2.
Indians leaders cooperated with the British in the WW1 hoping that after the War the British would reward them with some kind of self-rule, but they continued with their repressive policies. The demand for Swaraj or ‘dominion status’ continued for another decade and turned into ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence towards end of 1920s. Some semblance of self-rule came in the form of provincial autonomy in the mid 1930s. The Muslim League’s separatist politics gained strength in the crucial 1940s as Congress leaders languished in jail after their ‘quit India’ call. War wrecked Britain was too weak to maintain control on India as the nationalistic fervor penetrated its Indian army. Finally, Jinnah’s separatist gang succeeded in winning ‘Pakistan’ after shedding blood of lakhs of innocent Indians. ‘Partition’ was a clear failure of Gandhi’s Muslim appeasement politics; it indicated his ignorance of how political Islam works. The biggest losers were the Hindus, on both sides of the Radcliffe partition line. In Islamic Pakistan, they became second grade citizens; in India, their interests became subordinate to Muslim appeasement politics of the Congress Party.