Question

if a person in rural areas cannot find jobs during some months of the which type of employment is this called

Answer 1

Unemployment: Definition and Calculation

Unemployment is a regularly used term and normally refers to those who are ‘out of work’. In strictly economic terms, the unemployed include all those who are able and willing to work but cannot find work. This includes the pool of persons who seek work through employment exchanges, friends, relatives and other contacts and express their willingness to get employed, owing to the lack of work. Economists define an unemployed person as one who is unable to get work for even one hour during half a day.
The three major sources of official data on employment in India include:

The National Sample Survey Organization

Census of India

Directorate General of Employment and Training Data of Registration with Employment Exchanges


(Source: Press Information Bureau)
We use the following formula to calculate it:
Unemployment Rate = (No. of Unemployed Persons / Total Labourforce) x 100
Here, labour force refers to all those persons willing and able to engage in productive activity or work.

Types of Unemployment

Rural Unemployment

India has roughly 70% of its population living in rural areas. Agriculture forms the mainstay of the rural population. But, not enough employment is available for all those living in the rural areas. This leads to unemployment, which can take three forms open, seasonal and disguised.

Open Unemployment

This refers to the situation in rural areas where people who are willing and actually able to work cannot find any work.

Disguised Unemployment

This particularly plagues the Indian agrarian scenario. In this case, more workers than required are engaged on the farm, where not all of them are actually productively contributing to creating output. Thus, the marginal physical productivity of many workers is zero. This happens when almost the entire family engages in farm production.

Seasonal Unemployment

The case with this is that workers remain out of work for a particular season. For example, workers hired only for the harvest season remain unemployed for the remaining part of the year. Or, if the industry itself is seasonal, workers naturally remain unemployed during the off-season.

Urban Unemployment

The unemployed in the urban areas have increased considerably over the years. Normally, the number of the urban unemployed is registered with unemployment exchange boards. It can also take various forms, as under-

Industrial Unemployment

Those illiterate persons who are willing and able to work in factories or industries in urban areas but cannot find work fall in this category. As rural-urban migration increases, urban unemployment also does.

Educated Unemployment

The most horrifying kind of unemployment is when the educated youth are unable to find appropriate jobs to suit their qualifications. With an improvement in education over time, skilled workers have increased in number but the number of available jobs has not increased correspondingly. This causes educated unemployment.

Technological Unemployment

This type of unemployment takes place every time technology upgrades and the existing workforce are unable to cope with the new technology. If the skills required to meet the new technology do not match the existing skill-sets of the employed workers and they cannot adapt, they become unemployed. Upgradation is a natural process, with cyclical obsolescence as one set of technology becomes irrelevant and gets replaced by another.

Answer 2

Seasonal Unemployment