important question of history chapter 1
Answers
Answer:
Question 1.
What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe? (2015 D)
Answer:
It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Question 2.
What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (2015 OD)
Answer:
The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. They proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation and shape its decisions.
Question 3.
What is the meaning of concentration camps? (2015 OD)
Answer:
Concentration camps are prisons where people are detained and tortured without due process of law.
Question 4.
Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. (2016 D)
Answer:
Treaty of 1832: Constantinople
Question 5.
Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848? (2016 D)
Answer:
The Greek War of Independence in 1821.
Question 6.
What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? (2016 D)
Answer:
The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchial forms of government.
Question 7.
Who remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”. (2016 OD)
Answer:
Duke Metternich
Question 8.
Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? (2016 OD)
Answer:
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.
Question 9.
Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? (2016 OD)
Answer:
Victor Emmanuel-II
Short Answer Questions (SA) 3 Marks
Question 10.
Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815. (2011 D)
Answer:
Three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815 were:
Established and traditional institutions of state and society like monarchy, the Church, property and family should be preserved.
They believed in the modernization of the traditional institution to strengthen them, rather than returning to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
Also they believed that abolition of feudalism and serfdom and replacing it with a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy and a dynamic economy could strengthen autocratic monarchies of Europe.
Question 11.
Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. (2011 D)
Answer:
Contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. Nationalist feelings started spreading amongst the middle class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite different parts of German confederation into a nation state to have an elected parliamentarian government. However, this liberal movement was repressed by the combined forces of monarchy and military supported by Prussian landowners.
Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, took the responsibility of national unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. Under his leadership he fought three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification of Germany was completed as a result of Prussia’s victory over France.
Question 12.
Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries. (2011 OD)
Answer:
The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in 18th and 19th centuries in Poland:
(i) Emphasis on vernacular language. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. The use of the Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. For example, In Poland, following armed rebellion against Russian rule, Polish was used for church gatherings and religious instruction. As a result, a number of priests and bishops were put in jails or sent to Siberia as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.
(ii) Emphasis on collection of local folklore. It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to the large audience who were mostly illiterate.
(iii) Use of music to keep the nationalist feeling alive. For example, Karol Kurpinski, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.