important terms and meaning of class 8 geography chapter 5 industries
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Classification of Industries
Industries are classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.
Industries Classified on the basis of Raw Materials: agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based and forest-based. Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials-examples are food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries. Mineral based industries-primary industries use mineral ores as their raw materials- products of these industries feed other industries-one product is Iron made from iron ore- used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches. Marine based industries- use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials- Given examples are Industries processing seafood or manufacturing fish oil. Forest based industries-utilise forest produce as raw material- industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.
Industries Classified on the basis of Size: Size refers to the amount of capital invested, the number of people employed and the volume of production- classified into the small scale and large scale industries-Cottage or household industries where products are manufactured by hand by the artisans-Examples of cottage industry are basket weaving, pottery and other handicrafts. Small scale industries– use a lesser amount of capital and technology. Large Scale Industries-produce large volumes of products-investment of capital is higher- technology used is superior- Silk weaving and food processing industries are small scale industries while Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.
Industries Classified on the basis of Ownership: Private sector, state-owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector. Private Sector Industries-owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Public Sector Industries– owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited. Joint Sector Industries-owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals-Maruti Udyog Limited is an example. Cooperative Sector Industries-owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both-Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy.
actors Affecting the Location of Industries
Availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market- Industries are usually located at areas where these are easily available-government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas-Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.
Industrial System
The Industrial System consists of inputs, processes and outputs:
- inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure
- processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products
- outputs are the end product and the income earned from it
Industrial Regions
Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness- eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia (Major Industrial Regions of the World)- they are located in the temperate areas, near seaports and especially near coalfields.
- Industrial Regions in India-Mumbai Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.