in 1990 the movement of ____ took root in Punjab a) independent Punjab b) constituent Punjab c) independent Khalistan d) constitution Khalistan (I'm confused between c and d)
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Answer:
The Khalistan movement is a Sikh separatist movement seeking to create a homeland for Sikhs by establishing a sovereign state, called Khalistān ('Land of the Khalsa'), in the Punjab region.[1] The proposed state would consist of land that currently forms Punjab, India and Punjab, Pakistan,[i]
Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, and the territorial ambitions of Khalistan have at times included Chandigarh, sections of the Indian Punjab, including whole North India and some parts of western states of India.[2] Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan, according to Jagjit Singh Chohan, had proposed all out help to create Khalistan during his talks with Chohan following the conclusion of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[3]
The call for a separate Sikh state was established in the wake of the fall of the British Empire.[4] In 1940, the first explicit call for Khalistan was made in a pamphlet titled "Khalistan".[5][6] With financial and political support of the Sikh diaspora, the movement flourished in the Indian state of Punjab—which has a Sikh-majority population—reaching its zenith in the late 1970s and 1980s when the secessionist movement caused large-scale violence among the local population, including the assassination of PM Indira Gandhi and the bombing of Air India Flight 182 which killed 329 passengers.[7] In the 1990s the insurgency petered out,[8] and the movement failed to reach its objective due to multiple reasons including a heavy police crackdown on separatists, divisions among the Sikhs, and loss of support from the Sikh population.[9]
There is some support within India and the Sikh diaspora, with yearly demonstrations in protest of those killed during Operation Blue Star.[10][11][12] In early 2018, some militant groups were arrested by police in Punjab, India.[9] Chief Minister of Punjab Amarinder Singh claimed that the recent extremism is backed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and "Khalistani sympathisers" in Canada, Italy, and the UK.