Question

In case of ophyrus (an orchid) and a species of bee, it should be an example of protocooperation ...right?? but according to NCERT XII it is categorized under mutualism. How?plz explain.

Answer 1

Hi

Actually in ncert there is no mention of proto cooperation but above example is of mutualism.

• Difference is that in mutualism the association should be obligatory but in proto operation the association is facultative.

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