In representation of various socio-economic aspects/details we can use
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Background
Socioeconomic status has been operationalised in a variety of ways, most commonly as education, social class, or income. In this study, we also use occupational complexity and a SES-index as alternative measures of socioeconomic status. Studies show that in analyses of health inequalities in the general population, the choice of indicators influence the magnitude of the observed inequalities. Less is known about the influence of indicator choice in studies of older adults. The aim of this study is twofold: i) to analyse the impact of the choice of socioeconomic status indicator on the observed health inequalities among older adults, ii) to explore whether different indicators of socioeconomic status are independently associated with health in old age.
Methods
We combined data from two nationally representative Swedish surveys, providing more than 20 years of follow-up. Average marginal effects were estimated to compare the association between the five indicators of SES, and three late-life health outcomes: mobility limitations, limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), and psychological distress.
Results
All socioeconomic status indicators were associated with late-life health; there were only minor differences in the effect sizes. Income was most strongly associated to all indicators of late-life health, the associations remained statistically significant when adjusting for the other indicators. In the fully adjusted models, education contributed to the model fits with 0–3% (depending on the outcome), social class with 0–1%, occupational complexity with 1–8%, and income with 3–18%.
Conclusions
Our results indicate overlapping properties between socioeconomic status indicators in relation to late-life health. However, income is associated to late-life health independently of all other variables. Moreover, income did not perform substantially worse than the composite SES-index in capturing health variation. Thus, if the primary objective of including an indicator of socioeconomic status is to adjust the model for socioeconomic differences in late-life health rather than to analyse these inequalities per se, income may be the preferable indicator. If, on the other hand, the primary objective of a study is to analyse specific aspects of health inequalities, or the mechanisms that drive health inequalities, then the choice of indicator should be theoretically guided.
Background
Studies of social determinants of health have repeatedly found socioeconomic inequalities in health. People with lower socioeconomic status (SES) have, on average, poorer health and die younger than those with more favourable SES. Socioeconomic inequalities in health persist into old age [1,2,3,4]. The results from a comparative study showed that the magnitude of inequality in morbidity in eleven European countries varied, however, health inequalities in all age groups were observed in all countries [3]. As most morbidity and mortality occurs in old age, these inequalities may affect a substantial proportion of the older population and increase the economic burden of public spending as the population ages.
In studies of health inequalities in later life, SES is most commonly operationalised as either education, social class, or income – and often without providing a rationale for the choice of indicator [5,6,7].
The overarching aim of this study was to explore how the three most common indicators of SES (education, social class, and income) are associated with health in old age. We also included occupational complexity as an alternative indicator of SES, as recent research suggests that complexity is a key driver of labour market stratification [8,9,10]. Education, social class, occupational complexity, and income all have overlapping properties, but they may also be independently associated with health in old age. Therefore, we explored the relation between these variables, a composite measure of the variables, and change in mobility limitations, activities of daily living, and psychological distress from working ages to old age.
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Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, called the pioneer of women's education in India died on November 28, 1890. He established the first girls' school in August 1848. He worked hard to eradicate untouchability and the caste system and also put major efforts to educate women and lower castes.