in what ways have the use of material in manufacturing change over time ? How have manufacturing process change over time ? considered the role of humans.
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Making things requires a great variety of tools. The growth of technology
in general has been greatly helped by improvement in the fineness
and sharpness of cutting tools, the force that can be applied, the
temperature at which heat can be concentrated, the swiftness with
which operations can occur, and the consistency with which operations
can be repeated. Such tools are an essential factor in modern manufacturing,
which is based largely on the need to produce great numbers of products
of uniform quality (such as automobiles and wristwatches) and much
smaller numbers of products of extremely high quality (such as space
vehicles and atomic clocks).
Modern manufacturing processes usually involve three major steps:
(1) obtaining and preparing raw materials; (2) mechanical processing
such as shaping, joining, and assembling; and (3) coating, testing,
inspecting, and packaging. In all of these steps, there are choices
for how to sequence tasks and how to perform them, so the organization
of tasks to optimize productivity is another major component of manufacturing.
Modern factories tend to specialize in making specific products.
When a large number of nearly identical things are made on a continuous
basis at the same place, it is possible to make them much more cheaply
than if they were made separately. Such cost-effectiveness is achieved
by bringing workers together with machines, energy sources, and raw
materials or component parts. The maintenance and repair of products
are also likely to be easier when production is centralized because
parts can be made that are interchangeable between units and even
between different models.
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