Question

in what ways the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe before 1917?​

Answer 1

Answer:

The working population in Russia, before 1917, was different from working population of other European countries in below mentioned ways :

(i) The vast majority of the Russian population were agriculturalists. Around 85% population was engaged in agricultural functions. This percentage was much more than that of other European countries. For example this ratio was 40% and 50% in France and Germany respectively.

(ii) Industrial revolution came in other countries of Europe and most of the industries were in the hands of local people. But in Russia, most of the industries were established with foreign investment. Foreign investors were exploiting the Russian labourers. Condition of labourers was quite pitiable even in those industries which were in the hands of Russian people. They give minimum wages to their labourers to compete with foreign investors.

(iii) Women labourers in Russia were given less wages as compared to other European countries. The working day was sometimes 15 hours. But this condition was completely changed in other European countries due to certain legislations.

(iv)The farms of Russian farmers were quite small as compared to other European countries.

(v)Russian farmers never respected their land lords as they were autocratic in nature. They hated them a lot. Quite often they refused to pay taxes and even killed their land lords. On contrary to this, French farmers were very much in favour of their landlords as they fought in their favour during French Revolution.

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Answer 2

The working population in European countries was a more united lot than those in Russia. Workers in England and Germany formed associations and fought for better living and working conditions. Funds were set up by these Associations to help workers in distress. The workers in European countries were united in their demand for a reduction of working hours and the right to vote. Workers association also supported political parties and ultimately formed political parties themselves. The Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France are examples of political parties formed by socialists and trade unionists.

In total contrast to the working population in Europe, the Russian workers were not united. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. Workers whose jobs needed skill and training considered themselves on a higher plane than the untrained workers. Workers had strong links to the villages they came from and this also caused a social divide among workers. Workers’ associations rose dramatically in Russia also, as in Europe. They demanded reduced working hours and higher wages. The workers were suppressed by the government.