India's of nationalism developed through a movement to revive India folklore . Explain
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Nationalism in India
The second half of the 19th century witnessed the full flowering of national political consciousness and the growth of an organised national movement in India.
The year 1885 marks the beginning of a new epoch in Indian History. Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885 by seventy-two political workers. It was the first organised expression of Indian Nationalism on an all-India scale.
The rise and growth of nationalism in India has been traditionally explained in terms of Indian response to the stimulus generated by the British Raj through the creation of new institutions, new opportunities, etc.
The First World War, Khilafat And Non-Cooperation
Effects of First World War: The War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. This was financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised and income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue. Prices of items increased during the war years. The prices doubled between 1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst sufferers because of price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another cause of widespread anger among people.
Crop failure in many parts of India and Influenza epidemic further aggravated the problem. According to 1921 census, about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines and epidemic.
The Idea of Satyagraha
Mahatma Gandhi advocated a novel method of mass agitation; called satyagraha. This method was based on the idea that if someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to take recourse to physical force to fight the oppressor.
Some early satyagraha movements organized by Gandhi:
Peasants’ movement in Champaran in 1916.
Peasants’ movement in Kheda in 1917.
Mill workers’ movement in Ahmadabad in 1918.
The Rowlatt Act(1919):
The Rowlatt Act was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919. The Indian members did not support the Act, but it was passed; nevertheless. The Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
Jallianwalla Bagh
The infamous Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place on 13th April; the day on which Baisakhi is celebrated in Punjab. A crowd of villagers came to participate in a fair in Jallianwalla Bagh. This was enclosed on all sides with narrow entry points. General Dyer blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed in the incident. Public reaction to the incident took a violent turn in many north Indian towns. The government was quite brutal in its response. Things took a highly violent turn. Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement as did not want violence to continue.
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat issue gave Mahatma Gandhi, the opportunity to bring the Hindus and Muslims on a common platform. The Ottoman Turkey was badly defeated in the First World War. There were rumours about a harsh peace treating likely to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor; who was the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa). A Khilafat committed was formed in Bombay in March 1919 to defend the Khalifa. This committee had leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. They also wanted Mahatma Gandhi to take up the cause to build a united mass action. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, the resolution was passed to launch a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and also for Swaraj.
Non-Cooperation Movement
In his famous book, Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would come. Gandhiji believed that if Indians begin to refuse to cooperate, the British rulers will have no other way than to leave India.
Some of the proposals of non-cooperation movement:
Surrender the titles which were awarded by the British government.
Boycott civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils and schools.
Boycott foreign goods.
Launch full civil disobedience campaign, if the government persisted with repressive measures.
Differing Strands within the Movement: The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its own specific aspiration. All of them responded to the call of Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people
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In late 19th centuary India, nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs.
These tales, they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the outside forces.
It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover one's national identity abd restore a sense of pride in one's past.