Question

inert pair effect full explanation​

Answer 1

$inert \: pair \: effect$ :
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The inert pair effect is defined as the tendency of electrons in the outermost atomic s orbital to remain unionized in compounds of post-transition metals .

Answer 2

it is the reluctance of s electrons to take part in chemical bonding. can happen due to shielding effect and increasing distance and charge of the nucleus. seen usually in p block elements. it causes the higher elements to deviate from the group oxidation number to a lesser value that differs by a 2. for example, thallium of group 13 is expected to show +3 oxidation state, but inert pair causes it to be+1. this characteristic oxidation state becomes more stable as we move down the group