integration of 1/1+x+x^2+x^3
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Note that x3+x2+x+1=(x+1)(x2+1)x3+x2+x+1=(x+1)(x2+1). We use partial fracions. So we try to find constants A,B,CA,B,C such that
4x(x+1)(x2+1)=Ax+1+Bx+Cx2+1.4x(x+1)(x2+1)=Ax+1+Bx+Cx2+1.
Bring the right-hand side to the common denominator (x+1)(x2+1)(x+1)(x2+1). The numerators must be identically equal. It follows that
4x=A(x2+1)+(Bx+C)(x+1).4x=A(x2+1)+(Bx+C)(x+1).
Set x=−1x=−1. We get −4=2A−4=2A, and therefore A=−2A=−2.
On the right, the coefficient of x2x2 is −2+B−2+B. On the left it is
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