Question

Introduction for the project of plant in hindi

Answer 1

India does not spring immediately to mind as a major source of plants for British gardens. The reason for this is largely environmental – as the larger part of India lies within the tropics, plants from these areas must be grown under glass in temperate Britain. However, the mountainous parts of northern India include substantial parts of the Himalayan range. While many Himalayan plants have been introduced from Nepal and China, introductions of temperate plants, hardy in British gardens, have been made from three Indian areas: the NW Himalaya (the states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, especially the districts of Kumaon and Garhwal), Sikkim and Darjeeling in the Eastern Himalaya, and the north-eastern states formerly loosely known as ‘Assam’.



Historically speaking, the original interests of the British (preceded by the Portuguese and Dutch) were with the tropical parts of the Subcontinent – for spices and other plants of economic importance. It was thus, rather surprisingly, tropical plants that were the first to be introduced – as early as the seventeenth century. As these had to be grown in hothouses this was restricted to the gardens of certain wealthy individuals and a few institutional botanic gardens. The first record of an Indian plant growing at RBGE occurs in James Sutherland’s 1683 catalogue of the Garden – the grass Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi). Coix had been cultivated by John Gerarde in London a hundred years earlier and came to him via Italy, so the link with India is probably very indirect. The Dutch were among the pioneers of Indian botanical exploration and plants were sent back to the botanic gardens of Amsterdam and Leiden from the late seventeenth century onwards. Charles Alston (Regius Keeper of RBGE, 1716–60) studied under Boerhaave in Leiden and must have seen Indian plants growing there and possibly brought some back to Edinburgh. Certainly John Hope (Regius Keeper, 1761–86) grew some Indian plants (when the Garden was in Leith Walk) and even conducted physiological experiments on them. Hope was interested in the leaf movement of legumes and studied sleep movements in leaflets of the tamarind (Tamarindus indicus) and the diurnal movements of the telegraph plant (Codariocalyx motorius). Much work remains to be done on the history of Indian plants in the RBGE, but large numbers certainly began to arrive in the time of Robert Graham (Regius Keeper, 1819–1845). These were tended by his gardener William McNab. Graham was a friend of Nathaniel Wallich, who distributed plants from the Calcutta Botanic Garden widely. Some of these Graham described as new species in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal and Curtis’s Botanical Magazine.


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Answer 2

intro me likh sakte ho ki plant sundarta ko batata hai.phir likh sakte ho wo kaise hamare sath related hai