Is it possible to use force to reduce the empty space in an atom?
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In other words, can a body be compressed?
Ideal gases are perfectly compressible and their volume decreases with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature, governed by the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. A remarkable property of gases is that there is a single such law for all molecules, whether hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, natural gas (CH4) or whatever.
At a sufficiently high pressure and/or low temperature the molecules of a compressed gas start to feel the various Van der Waals forces that prevent them getting too close and they become less and less ideal. Since like charges repel the electrons surrounding the molecules prevent them getting too close to each other but there are also other effects that make the Van der Waals forces quite complicated.
As pressure increases and/or temperature decreases there are phase changes, from gas to liquid and liquid to solid. The Van der Waals forces don’t prevent reducing the space between molecules and atoms, they merely make it harder, i.e. more pressure (force per unit area) is required.
The counterpart of the ideal gas law for a solid is its Young's modulus, a measure of its stiffness. This gives the strain (how far the solid moves in a given direction) in response to a stress (the force applied in that direction).
For liquids (which can be very viscous), in place of Young’s modulus there is the liquid’s bulk modulus. Whereas strain for a solid is distance moved, strain for a liquid is decrease in volume. And whereas stress for a solid is force in a direction, for a liquid it is the increase in pressure in the liquid. So as one might expect direction is unimportant for bulk modulus.
Unlike the ideal gas law, different materials have different moduli, whether Young’s for solids or bulk for liquids.
One interesting thing I learned recently was why my hydrogen-fueled car (a Toyota Mirai) uses hydrogen gas when one would have thought liquid hydrogen would be a lot more compact. As it turns out the spacing between hydrogen molecules at the pressure of a full tank, namely 10,000 psi or 70 MPa, is only 20% more than for liquid hydrogen. I was quite surprised. Now the cube of 1.2 is 1.728, and that extra 73% of volume is well worth the benefit of having the tank at room temperature instead of having to keep it extremely cold, which can be tricky if you park it at the airport for a week or two.
Is hydrogen really a gas at that pressure? No, it is neither a liquid nor a gas, it is a supercritical fluid.
A similar situation happens at the surface of Venus, where the atmosphere is mainly CO2 and the pressure is about 100 Earth atmospheres or 10 MPa. If it is not a supercritical fluid it is very close to one.
For more on all this read the Wikipedia articles cited above.
Ideal gases are perfectly compressible and their volume decreases with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature, governed by the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. A remarkable property of gases is that there is a single such law for all molecules, whether hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, natural gas (CH4) or whatever.
At a sufficiently high pressure and/or low temperature the molecules of a compressed gas start to feel the various Van der Waals forces that prevent them getting too close and they become less and less ideal. Since like charges repel the electrons surrounding the molecules prevent them getting too close to each other but there are also other effects that make the Van der Waals forces quite complicated.
As pressure increases and/or temperature decreases there are phase changes, from gas to liquid and liquid to solid. The Van der Waals forces don’t prevent reducing the space between molecules and atoms, they merely make it harder, i.e. more pressure (force per unit area) is required.
The counterpart of the ideal gas law for a solid is its Young's modulus, a measure of its stiffness. This gives the strain (how far the solid moves in a given direction) in response to a stress (the force applied in that direction).
For liquids (which can be very viscous), in place of Young’s modulus there is the liquid’s bulk modulus. Whereas strain for a solid is distance moved, strain for a liquid is decrease in volume. And whereas stress for a solid is force in a direction, for a liquid it is the increase in pressure in the liquid. So as one might expect direction is unimportant for bulk modulus.
Unlike the ideal gas law, different materials have different moduli, whether Young’s for solids or bulk for liquids.
One interesting thing I learned recently was why my hydrogen-fueled car (a Toyota Mirai) uses hydrogen gas when one would have thought liquid hydrogen would be a lot more compact. As it turns out the spacing between hydrogen molecules at the pressure of a full tank, namely 10,000 psi or 70 MPa, is only 20% more than for liquid hydrogen. I was quite surprised. Now the cube of 1.2 is 1.728, and that extra 73% of volume is well worth the benefit of having the tank at room temperature instead of having to keep it extremely cold, which can be tricky if you park it at the airport for a week or two.
Is hydrogen really a gas at that pressure? No, it is neither a liquid nor a gas, it is a supercritical fluid.
A similar situation happens at the surface of Venus, where the atmosphere is mainly CO2 and the pressure is about 100 Earth atmospheres or 10 MPa. If it is not a supercritical fluid it is very close to one.
For more on all this read the Wikipedia articles cited above.
viku77:
hi nisha
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no its not possible to use force to reduce the empty space in a atom because there may not be sufficient space two factors which they depends
by anshu jurriya IITIAN
by anshu jurriya IITIAN
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