Justice for All?
Saboteurs?
Prejudice against Asian immigrants had been longstanding on the West Coast. However, it increased when
World War II broke out following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Within a few weeks, the demand
spread that Japanese Americans, both naturalized citizens and those born in the United States, be
removed from the West Coast. The belief was that they might be "saboteurs" or "spies." It made no
difference that there was no proof that even one was a threat to the United States.
Relocation Orders
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the Secretary of War
to designate parts of the country as "military areas." Any and all persons could be excluded, and travel
restrictions might be imposed. A few weeks later, General John L. DeWitt, Western Defense Command
leader, made the entire Pacific coast a military area
because of its vulnerability to attack.
Curfews were established, and Japanese Americans were at first prohibited from leaving the area. And
then they were prohibited from being in the area. The only way Japanese Americans could follow these
contradictory orders was to evacuate" to relocation centers.
In the relocation program, 110,000 men, women, and children were sent to what were in essence prison
camps. This program was the most serious invasion of individual rights by the federal government in the
nation's history. The entire operation operated on the racist belief that anyone of Japanese ancestry was a
traitor.
Court Cases
In wartime, the old saying goes, law is silent. The Supreme Court, which had only recently begun to play a
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