Question

kharaj is a tax levied on ​

Answer 1

Kharāj is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce developed under Islamic law. ... With the passage of time, the practical result of that reform was that kharaj was levied on most land without regard for the cultivator's religion.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Kharāj is a type of individual Islamic tax on agricultural land and its produce developed under Islamic law.

With the first Muslim conquests in the 7th century, kharaj initially denoted a lump-sum duty levied upon the lands of conquered provinces, which was collected by hold-over officials of the defeated Byzantine Empire in the west and the Sassanid Empire in the east; later and more broadly, kharaj refers to the land tax levied by Muslim rulers on their non-Muslim subjects, collectively known as dhimmi. At that time, kharaj was synonymous with jizyah, which later emerged as a per head tax paid by the dhimmi. Muslim landowners, on the other hand, paid only ushr, a religious tithe on land, which carried a much lower rate of taxation, and zakat.

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