Levels of government and the role That they played during COVID-19
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3ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
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While all sectors of society are involved in pandemic preparedness and response, the national government is the natural leader for overall coordination and communication efforts.
3.1. National preparedness and response as a whole-of-society responsibility
A whole-of-society approach to pandemic influenza preparedness emphasizes the significant roles played not only by the health sector, but also by all other sectors, individuals, families, and communities, in mitigating the effects of a pandemic. Developing capacities for mitigating the effects of a pandemic, including robust contingency and business continuity plans is at the heart of preparing the whole of society for a pandemic. Activities such as capacity development, planning, coordination, and communication are cross-cutting and require action by all parties .
3.1.1. Government leadership
While all sectors of society are involved in pandemic preparedness and response, the national government is the natural leader for overall coordination and communication efforts. In its leadership role, the central government should:
identify, appoint, and lead the coordinating body for pandemic preparedness and response; enact or modify legislation and policies required to sustain and optimize pandemic preparedness, capacity development, and response efforts across all sectors;
prioritize and guide the allocation and targeting of resources to achieve the goals as outlined in a country's Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan;
provide additional resources for national pandemic preparedness, capacity development, and response measures; and
consider providing resources and technical assistance to countries experiencing outbreaks of influenza with pandemic potential.
3.1.2. Health sector
The health sector (including public health and both public and private health-care services), has a natural leadership and advocacy role in pandemic influenza preparedness and response efforts. In cooperation with other sectors and in support of national intersectoral leadership, the health sector must provide leadership and guidance on the actions needed, in addition to raising awareness of the risk and potential health consequences of an influenza pandemic. To fulfil this role, the health sector should be ready to:
provide reliable information on the risk, severity, and progression of a pandemic and the effectiveness of interventions used during a pandemic;
prioritize and continue the provision of health-care during an influenza pandemic;
enact steps to reduce the spread of influenza in the community and in health-care facilities; and
protect and support health-care workers during a pandemic.
Non-health sectors
In the absence of early and effective preparedness, societies may experience social and economic disruption, threats to the continuity of essential services, reduced production, distribution difficulties, and shortages of essential commodities. Disruption of organizations may also have an impact on other businesses and services. For example, if electrical or water services are disrupted or fail, the health sector will be unable to maintain normal care. The failure of businesses would add significantly to the eventual economic consequences of a pandemic. Some business sectors will be especially vulnerable and certain groups in society are likely to suffer more than others. Developing robust preparedness and business continuity plans may enable essential operations to continue during a pandemic and significantly mitigate economic and social impacts. In order to minimize the adverse effects of a pandemic, all sectors should:
establish continuity policies to be implemented during a pandemic;
plan for the likely impact on businesses, essential services, educational institutions, and other organizations;
establish pandemic preparedness plans;
develop capacity and plan for pandemic response;
plan the allocation of resources to protect employees and customers;
communicate with and educate employees on how to protect themselves and on measures that will be implemented; and
contribute to cross-cutting planning and response efforts to support the continued functioning of the society.
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