Life cycle of malaria ??
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Life cycle of malaria
↪A female Anopheles mosquito carrying malaria-causing parasites feeds on a human and injects the parasites in the form of sporozoites into the bloodstream. The sporozoites travel to the liver and invade liver cells.
↪Over 5-16 days, the sporozoites grow, divide, and produce tens of thousands of haploid forms, called merozoites, per liver cell. Some malaria parasite species also produce hypnozoites in the liver that remain dormant for extended periods, causing relapses weeks or months later.
↪The merozoites exit the liver cells and re-enter the bloodstream, beginning a cycle of invasion of red blood cells, known as asexual replication. In the red blood cells they develop into mature schizonts, which rupture, releasing newly formed merozoites that then reinvade other red blood cells. This cycle of invasion and cell rupture repeats every 1-3 days and can result in thousands of parasite-infected red blood cells in the host bloodstream, leading to illness and complications of malaria that can last for months if not treated.
↪Some of the merozoite-infected blood cells leave the cycle of asexual replication. Instead of replicating, the merozoites in these cells develop into sexual forms of the parasite, called as male and female gametocytes. In some malaria species, young gametocytes sequester in the bone marrow and some organs while late stage (stage V) gametocytes, circulate in the bloodstream.
↪When a mosquito bites an infected human, it ingests the gametocytes. In the mosquito midgut, the infected human red blood cells burst, releasing the gametocytes, which develop further into mature sexual forms called as gametes. Male and female gametes fuse to form diploid zygotes, which develop into actively moving ookinetes that burrow through the mosquito midgut wall and form oocysts on the other side.
↪Growth and division of each oocyst produces thousands of active haploid forms called sporozoites. After 8-15 days, the oocyst bursts, releasing sporozoites into the body cavity of the mosquito, from which they travel to and invade the mosquito salivary glands. The cycle of human infection re-starts when the mosquito takes a blood meal, injecting the sporozoites from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream.
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The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. Sporozoites infect liver cells . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.and mature into schizonts. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts., which rupture and release merozoites . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. (Of note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.). Merozoites infect red blood cells . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease.
The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle. While in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts.. The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts., which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites . The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle.
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