Long paragraph on 6 mugal emporer
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The first six Mughal emperors of the Mughal dynasty – Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb -- changed the face of India with their political and intellectual prowess. Here are the main facts on the six major Mughal emperors in Indian history.
At a certain period in history from the middle of the 1500s to the beginning of the 1700s, the Mughal Empire controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent. It stretched from the edges of the Indus river basin, northern Afghanistan and Kashmir in the north west to the now-Assam and Bangladesh highlands in the east, and down to the uplands of Deccan plateau in the south.
This growth harnessing immense power and money was thanks to the first six Mughal emperors of the dynasty Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.
The Great Mughals, as they are sometimes called, changed the face of India with their political, military and artistic achievements.
Here are a few basic facts on the first six Mughal emperors:
1. Babur (AD 1526-1530)
First Mughal emperor Babur
The very first Mughal emperor and the founder of the Mughal emperor Babur brought gunpowder to India
He is known for defeating:
Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat (AD 1526)
Rana Sanga (Sangram Singh) at battle of Khanwa
Medini Rai of Chenderi at Battle of Chanderi (AD 1528)
Mahmud Lodi at Battle of Ghagra (AD 1529)
Babur wrote Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish language
The first Mughal emperor declared Jehad and adopted the title Ghazi
Babur died in 1530 and was buried at Aram Bagh (Agra). Late, his body was taken to Bagh-e-Babun (Kabul)
Read: Babur: The founder of the empire which ruled India for over 300 years
2. Humayun (AD 1530-1556)
Second Mughal emperor Humayun
Babur’s son, Humayun, built Dinpanah at Delhi as his second capital
Humayun fought two battles with Sher Shah Suri and was ultimately deafeated:
Battle of Chausa (AD 1539)
Battle of Kannauj (AD 1540)
The second great Mughal emperor passed 15 years in exile and again invaded India in 1555 with the help of his officer Bairam Khan
Humayun died in AD 1556 falling from the stairs of his library building
Humayun-nama was written by his half-sister Gulbadan Begum
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3. Akbar (AD 1556-1605)
Third Mughal emperor Akbar
Humayun’s officer Bairam Khan crowned 13-year-old Akbar as the third Mughal emperor
He defeated Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat (AD 1556) with the help of Bairam Khan
Akbar conquered:
Malwa (AD 1561) after defeating Baz Bahadur followed by Garh-Katanga (ruled by Rani Durgawati)
Chittor (AD 1568)
Ranthambhor and Kalinjar (AD 1569)
Gujarat (AD 1672)
Mewar (AD 1576) in the Battle of Haldighati after defeating Rana Pratap
Kashmir (AD 1586)
Sindh (AD 1593)
Asirgarh (AD 1603)
Buland Darwaza was contructed at Fatehpur Sikri after Akbar’s victory over Gujarat in AD 1572
Akbar discouraged the practice of Sati and encouraged widow remarriage
Akbar was married to Harkha Bai, daughter of Rajpur ruler Bharmal
Ralph Fitch was the first Englishman to visit Akbar’s court in AD 1585
The third Mughal emperor introduced a land revenue system called Todar Mal Bandobast or Zabti system, through his finance minister Raja Todar Mal, wherein the classification of land and fixation of rent was introduced
He also introduced the Mansabdari System or the rank-holder system to organise the nobility and army
The Navratnas or the nine famous intellectuals of Akbar’s court were Todar Mal, Abul Fazal, Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim Khana-i-Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man Singh, and Fakir Aziao-Din
Read: Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor
4. Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
Fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir
Akbar's son Jahangir executed the fifth Sikh Guru, Arjun Dev
His greatest political failure was the loss of Kandahar to Persia in AD 1622
The fourth Mughal emperor Mehr-un-Nisa in AD 1611 and conferred the titles of Nur Jahan on her
Jahangir established Zanjir-i-Adal at Agra Fort for those who sought royal justice
Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe visited his court
A few famous painters in Jahangir’s court were Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur, and Bishandas
Answer and Explanation:
Long paragraph on the 6 mughal emperor s
Bābur, (Persian: “Tiger”) also spelled Bābar or Bāber, original name Ẓahīr al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born February 15, 1483, principality of Fergana [now in Uzbekistan]—died December 26, 1530, Agra [India]), emperor (1526–30) and founder of the Mughal dynasty of northern India. Bābur, a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and also of the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), was a military adventurer, a soldier of distinction, and a poet and diarist of genius, as well as a statesman.
Humāyūn, also called Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born March 6, 1508, Kabul [Afghanistan]—died January 1556, Delhi [India]), second Mughal ruler of India, who was more an adventurer than a consolidator of his empire. The son and successor of Bābur, who had founded the Mughal dynasty, Humāyūn ruled from 1530 to 1540 and again from 1555 to 1556.
Humāyūn inherited the hope rather than the fact of empire, because the Afghans and Rajputs were merely restrained but not reconciled to Mughal supremacy by the Mughal victories at Panipat (1526), Khanua (1527), and the Ghaghara (1529). Bahādur Shah of Gujarat, encouraged by Afghan and Mughal émigrés, challenged the Mughals in Rajasthan, and, although Humāyūn occupied Gujarat in 1535, the danger there ended only with Bahādur’s death in 1537. Meanwhile, an Afghan soldier of fortune, Shēr Shah of Sūr, had consolidated his power in Bihar and Bengal. He defeated Humāyūn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India.
Akbar, in full Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar, (born October 15?, 1542, Umarkot [now in Sindh province, Pakistan]—died c. October 25, 1605, Agra, India), the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent. In order to preserve the unity of his empire, Akbar adopted programs that won the loyalty of the non-Muslim populations of his realm. He reformed and strengthened his central administration and also centralized his financial system and reorganized tax-collection processes. Although he never renounced Islam, he took an active interest in other religions, persuading Hindus, Parsis, and Christians, as well as Muslims, to engage in religious discussion before him. Illiterate himself, he encouraged scholars, poets, painters, and musicians, making his court a centre of culture.
Jahāngīr, also spelled Jehangir, original name Nūr-ud-dīn Muhammad Salīm, (born August 31, 1569, Fatehpur Sikri [India]—died October 28, 1627, en route to Lahore [now in Pakistan]), Mughal emperor of India from 1605 to 1627. Prince Salīm was the eldest son of the emperor Akbar, who early marked Salīm to succeed him. Impatient for power, however, Salīm revolted in 1599 while Akbar was engaged in the Deccan. Akbar on his deathbed confirmed Salīm as his successor. The new emperor chose the Persian name Jahāngīr (“World Seizer”) as his reign name.
Shah Jahān, also spelled Shāhjahān or Shah Jehan, also called (until 1628) Prince Khurram, original name Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad Khurram, (born January 5, 1592, Lahore [now in Pakistan]—died January 22, 1666, Agra [now in India]), Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahān had an almost insatiable passion for building. At his first capital, Agra, he undertook the building of two great mosques, the Motī Masjid (Pearl Mosque) and the Jāmiʿ Masjid (Great Mosque), as well as the superb mausoleum known as the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal is the masterpiece of his reign and was erected in memory of the favourite of his three queens, Mumtāz Maḥal (the mother of Aurangzeb). At Delhi, Shah Jahān built a huge fortress-palace complex called the Red Fort as well as another Jāmiʿ Masjid, which is among the finest mosques in India. Shah Jahān’s reign was also a period of great literary activity, and the arts of painting and calligraphy were not neglected. His court was one of great pomp and splendour, and his collection of jewels was probably the most magnificent in the world.
Aurangzeb, also spelled Aurangzib, Arabic Awrangzīb, kingly title ʿĀlamgīr, original name Muḥī al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born November 3, 1618, Dhod, Malwa [India]—died March 3, 1707), emperor of India from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughal emperors. Under him the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, although his policies helped lead to its dissolution.