Look into the evolution of modern diplomatic institutions, concluding (for now) with the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in 1961. Have the roles, responsibilities, and privileges of diplomats changed significantly over time
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Answers
A diplomat is an official whose job is to represent one country in another.
For example, when US diplomats arrange a visa for a traveller to the US, attend a state dinner, or negotiate a treaty their mission is to represent the interests and policies of the US.
A diplomat is appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with international organisations or with one or more states.
The main functions of diplomats are:
1. Representation and protection of the nationals and interests of the sending state.
2. Initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements, conventions and treaties.
3. Promotion of information, technology, trade and commerce and friendly relations.
Diplomats have enjoyed a special status throughout history. An envoy from another country has always been treated as a guest, he enjoys certain privileges and is free from coercion and subjugation by the host nation.
The Congress of Vienna made the first attempt to codify diplomatic immunity into diplomatic law in 1815. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which defines the framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Diplomatic Intercourse and Immunities held in Vienna, Austria on 18 April 1961. It was first implemented on 24 April 1964.
The Optional Protocol concerning Acquisition of Nationality and the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes was also adopted by the Conference.
Two years later the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations was adopted by the United Nations.
The roles, responsibilities and privileges of diplomats have changed significantly over time. Traditional diplomacy dealt with conflict and peace-making. Modern diplomacy is concerned with many more subjects like health, environment, education, science and technology, development, law and arts.
Modern diplomatic protocols help to strengthen diplomacy. Protocol is an important part of diplomatic practice. It involves etiquette on a local and international scale. It evolved as a result of the old traditions of extending hospitality to the guests. It covers the ceremonial rules to be followed during official functions and the expected mode of behaviour on these special occasions. It also provides a set of rules of courteousness which are to be respected in society.
The methods used in new diplomacy are:
1. Mediation - It is used to stop a conflict in the different stages through pressure, talks and sanctions. For example, US acted as a mediator in Israel-Palestine conflict.
2. Preventive diplomacy - It is used to find a compromise in the pre-conflict situation.
3. Collective security diplomacy - It comprises of a system of alliances to prevent the aggression.
4. Peacekeeping operations