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This article is about the group of viruses. For the disease involved in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, see Coronavirus disease 2019. For the virus that causes this disease, see Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Orthocoronavirinae
Coronaviruses 004 lores.jpg
Transmission electron micrograph of avian infectious bronchitis virus
Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion
Illustration of a SARS-CoV-2 virion[2]
Red protrusions: spike proteins (S)[2]
Grey coating: the envelope, composed mainly of lipids, which can be destroyed with alcohol or soap[2]
Yellow deposits: envelope proteins (E)[2]
Orange deposits: membrane proteins (M)[2]
Virus classificatione
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Subfamily: Orthocoronavirinae
Genera[1]
Alphacoronavirus
Betacoronavirus
Gammacoronavirus
Deltacoronavirus
Synonyms[3][4][5]
Coronavirinae
Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms in other species vary: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea. There are as yet no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.
Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria.[6][7] They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry.[8] The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses.[9] They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona, from which their name derives.[10]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Microbiology
3.1 Structure
3.2 Genome
3.3 Replication cycle
3.3.1 Cell entry
3.3.2 Genome translation
3.3.3 Replicase-transcriptase
3.3.4 Assembly and release
3.4 Transmission
4 Classification
5 Origin
6 Infection in humans
6.1 Common cold
6.2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
6.3 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
6.4 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
7 Infection in animals
7.1 Farm animals
7.2 Domestic pets
7.3 Laboratory animals
8 Prevention and treatment
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
Etymology
The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "wreath", itself a borrowing from Greek κορώνη korṓnē, "garland, wreath".[11][12] The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses.[13] The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.[10] The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona or halo.[10][13] This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.[14]
History
Coronaviruses were firs