main contributors of dispensation of development of geography and their typical contributions
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SIDEBAR 5.1 Pre-Hispanic Populations and Their Collapse
Geographer Thomas Whitmore (1992) utilized a human-ecological simulation model to test various hypotheses for the size of the pre-Hispanic population and the trajectory of its collapse. The model accounted for demographic changes in age structure, mortality, fertility, and migration caused by introduced diseases, food shortages, homicide, and other factors; agricultural changes caused by excess mortality and ill health; and disease changes, that is, how individual epidemics affected human health and mortality. Exogenous forcing functions, such as extreme or poor weather, homicide, and labor withdrawal, were also addressed. The model was calibrated by using accepted or conservative estimates for parameter values and was fine tuned using sensitivity tests.
Three historical population reconstructions were simulated for the basin, ranging from mild to severe depopulation. The simulations supported "moderate" depopulation, in which a 1519 basin population of 1.6 million was reduced in a series of steplike catastrophes to about 180,000 in 1610—a 90 percent loss, with 80 percent of the loss occurring in the first 50 years. The simulations suggest that the most important factor in depopulation was short-term increases in mortality caused by disease. Other factors, such as homicide, were overwhelmed in importance by the virulence of new diseases in a population with no or little immunities.
Example: The Distinctiveness of Place
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