make a lebelled diagram of sesimograph and explain its working
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An instrument used for recording the vibrations caused by earthquakes is known as seismograph or seismometer. The vibrations are recorded on a strip of paper and the diagram produced is known as a seismogram. Numerous models of seismographs are in current use.
Most of these instruments have a high degree of precision and great sensitivity. Precise timing is possible and synchronization of times at different receiving stations has given useful aid to earthquake studies.
The earthquake vibrations detected by seismographs are commonly recorded on the photographic paper. These records i.e., seismograms show the vibratory impulses and the time of initiation and duration. They also indicate the arrival of the different types of waves.
The basic principle in the construction of a seismograph is that it must consist of a sufficiently heavy weight suspended in such a manner that the weight will not move when the earth over which the seismograph rests vibrates due to an earthquake.
In the simplified arrangement of the seismograph shown in Fig. 16.11(a) weight of high inertia is suspended such that when the instrument carrying the recording in suddenly shaken the weight itself will not move (or its movement is ignorable compared with the rest of the instrument).
The relative movement of the weight and scale is recorded by a mechanism such as pen-ink tracing or photographic recording or an electronic recording. This instrument is meant to record vertical earth motion.
In the arrangement of the seismograph shown in Fig. 16.13 the device is meant for recording a horizontal earth motion. In this arrangement a large suspended inertial weight remains suspended in space while the earth vibrates about it. The paper drum anchored to the ground records the vibration as a stationary pen affixed to the weight traces the path of the relative motion.
Fig. 16.12 shows another arrangement of the seismograph meant for recording vertical earth motion. The seismogram shown on the right side shows the P-wave, S-wave and surface wave due to an earthquake. The magnitude is usually determined by measuring the maximum amplitude of the surface wave.
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