Many microorganisms are beneficial in different ways. Which one these is NOT an example of a beneficial microorganism?
Answers
Mycobacteria
Characteristics: Neither Gram-positive or Gram-negative (due to high lipid content), rod-shaped
Presence: Mycobacteria are generally found in water and food. However, M. tuberculosis and M. leprae (aka, Hansen's coccus spirilly), are obligate parasites and cannot survive in their free form.
Disease: The bacteria under the genus Mycobacterium are pathogens with long doubling times. M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, the most notorious species, are the causative agents for tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively. M. ulcerans causes ulcerated and non-ulcerated nodules in the skin. M. bovis causes tuberculosis in cattle.
Clostridium tetani
Characteristics: Gram-positive, box-shaped
Presence: C. tetani spores are found in soil, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract.
Disease: C. tetani is the etiologic agent of tetanus. It enters the body through a wound, replicates there and releases toxins, namely tetanospasmin (aka, spasmogenic toxin) and tetanolysin. These lead to muscular spasms and respiratory failure.
Yersinia pestis
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: Y. pestis can only survive within the host, namely rodents (fleas) and mammals.
Disease: Y. pestis causes bubonic and pneumonic plague. A skin infection with Y. pestis leads to the bubonic form characterized by malaise, fever, chills, and even seizures. An infection in the lungs caused by Y. pestis leads to pneumonic plague causing coughs, difficulty in breathing, and fever. According to WHO, around 1000 to 3000 cases of plague are reported worldwide every year. This microbe is being recognized and explored as a potential bioweapon.
Helicobacter pylori
Characteristics: Gram-negative, rod-shaped
Presence: H. pylori colonizes the mucosal lining of the human stomach.
Disease: It is the leading cause for gastritis and peptic ulcers. It produces cytotoxins and ammonia which damage the stomach epithelium leading to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. H. pylori is present in half of the world's population, however, most of them are asymptomatic while only a few develop gastritis and ulcers.
Bacillus anthracis
Characteristics: Gram-positive, rod-shaped
Presence: B. anthracis is widely present in soil.
Disease: The deadly disease called anthrax is a result of a B. anthracis infection, where the inhalation of B. anthracis endospores is what causes this illness. Anthrax mainly occurs in sheep, goats, cattle, etc. However, the transmission of bacteria from domestic cattle to humans, occurs in rare cases. The formation of sores, fever, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea etc., are the most common symptoms (of anthrax).
We are surrounded by bacteria, some friendly and some deadly. It is up to us to make the most from these tiny living beings. Gain from the helpful ones by avoiding excessive or unnecessary use of antibiotics, and keep the harmful ones at bay by taking appropriate preventive measures, like maintaining hygiene and visiting the doctor from regular checkups.
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Microorganism➫ An organism that can be seen only with microscope & that typically consists of only a single cell.
♦ It can only be viewed through a microscope.
♦ It widespread in nature & are beneficial to life but some can cause serious harm.
♦ It include Bacteria, Protozoans, Algae & Fungi.
➧ Types 0f Microorganism are:-
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[1] Bacteria:-
❱ A single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments.
[2] Fungi:-
❱ A single-celled or multicellular organism & can be true pathogens.
[3] Viruses:-
❱ A small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
[4] Protozoa:-
❱ Any of a large group of one-celled organisms that live in water or as parasites.
[5] Algae:-
❱ A type of plant-like living things that can make food from sunlight by photosynthesis.
➧ Advantage 0f Microorganism are:-
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❱ They fix gases & breaking down dead plant & animal matter into simpler substances.
❱ They help in production of food materials such as bread, cheese & curd.
❱ They help us digest food & regulate the production of vitamins & nutrients.
❱ They fight against those harmful bacteria which can cause diseases.
❱ They help in preparation of vaccines.
❱ They help in Fermentation.
➧ Disadvantage 0f Microorganism are:-
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❱ They cause diseases & infection.
❱ They lowers the immune system of the body which makes path to various bacteria into the body.
❱ Some bacterial infections like Pneumonia can sometimes cause death.
❱ Bacterial infections can breakdown skin & organs.
❱ They can cause severe gastrointestinal infections as a consequence of the ingestion of contaminated food.
➧ To Prevent the Microorganism are:-
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❱ Get the appropriate vaccine.
❱ Wash your hands frequently.
❱ Stay home if you are sick (so you do not spread the illness to other people).
❱ Use a tissue or cough & sneeze into your arm, not your hand.
❱ Use single-use tissues.
➧ The conditions / Factors which Microorganism grows:-
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[1] Time:-
❱ A single bacterium can multiply to over two million in just seven hours.
[2] Warmth:-
❱ The danger zone temperatures at which bacteria grow best are between 5ºC and 63ºC.
[3] Food:-
❱ Any other living things, germs need food to grow.
[4] Water:-
❱ Bacteria need moisture to grow.
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