mechanism of cellular respiration in plants
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Cellular Respiration
Microorganisms such as cyanobacteria can trap the energy in sunlight through the process of photosynthesis and store it in the chemical bonds of carbohydrate molecules. The principal carbohydrate formed in photosynthesis is glucose. Other types of microorganisms such as nonphotosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are unable to perform this process. Therefore, these organisms must rely upon preformed carbohydrates in the environment to obtain the energy necessary for their metabolic processes.
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Microorganisms such as cyanobacteria can trap the energy in sunlight through the process of photosynthesis and store it in the chemical bonds of carbohydrate molecules. The principal carbohydrate formed in photosynthesis is glucose. Other types of microorganisms such as nonphotosynthetic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa are unable to perform this process. Therefore, these organisms must rely upon preformed carbohydrates in the environment to obtain the energy necessary for their metabolic processes.
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What is Plant Respiration?
The process by which cells obtain chemical energy by the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide is known as respiration. In order to carry on respiration, plant cells need oxygen and a means of disposing of carbon dioxide just as animal cells do. In plants, each part such as root, stem performs respiration because plants do not possess any specialized organs like animals for the exchange of gases.
The process of respiration is expressed as:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
We can conclude same from the above equation as well that respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
Do Plants Breathe?
This is the major question when we think about plant respiration. Since plants do not possess any specialized organs like lungs so we can say plants do not breathe rather they respire. Plants respire through lenticels and stomata (present in stems and leaves respectively) which carry out the function of the gaseous exchange.
Breathing refers to the process of taking air into and expelling it from the lungs which simply means that plants do not breathe, they respire.
Respiration In Roots
In plants respiration also takes place through roots. In soil oxygenated air is present in air spaces between soil particles. This oxygen is absorbed into the roots by root hair present on the roots. The hairs of the roots are in direct contact with them. In fact, a root hair is a lateral tubular outgrowth of the outer epidermal cells of a root. The oxygen present in between the soil particles diffuse into the root hairs. From root hairs, oxygen is supplied to all the parts of roots for respiration. During respiration, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide gas which is diffused in opposite direction i.e. out of the roots by the same root hairs which complete the process of respiration in roots.
Respiration In Stems
In the plants having herbaceous stem exchange of gases takes place through stomata and the carbon dioxide produced during the process gets diffused into the air via stomata only. While in the plants having hard and woody stems the exchange of gases takes place through lenticels. Lenticels are actually loosely packed dead cells which are present as small pores on the bark of woody plants or old roots. These enable oxygen to reach the intercellular spaces of the interior tissues and carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere by the process of diffusion which completes the process of respiration in stems.
Respiration In Leaves
In leaves, the exchange of respiratory gases takes place through very tiny pores called stomata. The stomata are present in large number on the lower surface of leaves of the plant. Each stoma has a pore at its centre which is surrounded and controlled by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells. When the stoma opens the exchange of gases takes place between the atmosphere and interior of the leaf by the process of diffusion which completes the process of respiration in leaves.
Types of Respiration
There are two main types of respiration:
(i) Aerobic Respiration
This type of respiration leads to a complete oxidation of stored food in the presence of oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, water and a large amount of energy present in the respiratory substrate. All higher organisms respire aerobically.
The process of aerobic respiration is expressed as:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
(ii) Anaerobic Respiration
This type of respiration occurs in complete absence of oxygen. In this type of respiration, partial oxidation of food takes place and energy is released in the absence of oxygen. Such respiration generally occurs in lower prokaryotic organisms like bacteria, yeast and fungi. This type of respiration results in incomplete oxidation of stored food and formation of carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and sometimes various organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid etc.
The process of aerobic respiration is expressed as:
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy
The process by which cells obtain chemical energy by the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide is known as respiration. In order to carry on respiration, plant cells need oxygen and a means of disposing of carbon dioxide just as animal cells do. In plants, each part such as root, stem performs respiration because plants do not possess any specialized organs like animals for the exchange of gases.
The process of respiration is expressed as:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
We can conclude same from the above equation as well that respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
Do Plants Breathe?
This is the major question when we think about plant respiration. Since plants do not possess any specialized organs like lungs so we can say plants do not breathe rather they respire. Plants respire through lenticels and stomata (present in stems and leaves respectively) which carry out the function of the gaseous exchange.
Breathing refers to the process of taking air into and expelling it from the lungs which simply means that plants do not breathe, they respire.
Respiration In Roots
In plants respiration also takes place through roots. In soil oxygenated air is present in air spaces between soil particles. This oxygen is absorbed into the roots by root hair present on the roots. The hairs of the roots are in direct contact with them. In fact, a root hair is a lateral tubular outgrowth of the outer epidermal cells of a root. The oxygen present in between the soil particles diffuse into the root hairs. From root hairs, oxygen is supplied to all the parts of roots for respiration. During respiration, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide gas which is diffused in opposite direction i.e. out of the roots by the same root hairs which complete the process of respiration in roots.
Respiration In Stems
In the plants having herbaceous stem exchange of gases takes place through stomata and the carbon dioxide produced during the process gets diffused into the air via stomata only. While in the plants having hard and woody stems the exchange of gases takes place through lenticels. Lenticels are actually loosely packed dead cells which are present as small pores on the bark of woody plants or old roots. These enable oxygen to reach the intercellular spaces of the interior tissues and carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere by the process of diffusion which completes the process of respiration in stems.
Respiration In Leaves
In leaves, the exchange of respiratory gases takes place through very tiny pores called stomata. The stomata are present in large number on the lower surface of leaves of the plant. Each stoma has a pore at its centre which is surrounded and controlled by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells. When the stoma opens the exchange of gases takes place between the atmosphere and interior of the leaf by the process of diffusion which completes the process of respiration in leaves.
Types of Respiration
There are two main types of respiration:
(i) Aerobic Respiration
This type of respiration leads to a complete oxidation of stored food in the presence of oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, water and a large amount of energy present in the respiratory substrate. All higher organisms respire aerobically.
The process of aerobic respiration is expressed as:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
(ii) Anaerobic Respiration
This type of respiration occurs in complete absence of oxygen. In this type of respiration, partial oxidation of food takes place and energy is released in the absence of oxygen. Such respiration generally occurs in lower prokaryotic organisms like bacteria, yeast and fungi. This type of respiration results in incomplete oxidation of stored food and formation of carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and sometimes various organic acids such as malic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid etc.
The process of aerobic respiration is expressed as:
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy
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