mechanism of nitration of chlorobenzene
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The rate of homogeneous nitration of chlorobenzene with 70-90% nitric acid is proportional to the chlorobenzene concentration and activity of nitric acid. The existence of linear correlations between the rate constants k2ap and the acidity function -H and between logk*2apvalues (calculated using NO2+concentration) and the acidity function -(HR + logaH2O) indicates that the nitrating species is nitronium ion generated by reaction of H3O+ with nitric acid monohydrate. Increase in the energy of activation with rise in water concentration is explained by increase of ΔH for equilibrium formation of nitronium ion.
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