Mercantile trading companies made a profit mainly by excluding competition. Name such a company that follows the same pattern in the modern world.
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Dutch East India Company
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For other uses, see East India Company (disambiguation).
The Dutch East India Company, officially the United East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC; Indonesian: Kompeni), was a megacorporation founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (voorcompagnieën) in the early 17th century.[9][10] It was established on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with Mughal India[11][disputed – discuss] in the early modern period, from which 50% of textiles and 80% of silks were imported, chiefly from its most developed region known as Bengal Subah.[12][13][14][15][16] In addition, the company traded with Indianised Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade.
United East India Company[a]
Company logo
Native name
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (popular name)
Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie (original name)
Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie (formal name)
TypePublicly traded companyIndustryProto-conglomerate[b]Predecessor
Voorcompagnieën/Pre-companies (1594–1602)[c]
Compagnie van Verre
Brabantsche Compagnie
Compagnie van De Moucheron
Veerse Compagnie
Founded20 March 1602,[8] by a government-directed amalgamation of the voorcompagnieën/pre-companiesFounderJohan van Oldenbarnevelt and the States-GeneralDefunct31 December 1799FateDissolvedHeadquarters
Amsterdam, Dutch Republic (global headquarters)
Batavia, Dutch East Indies (second headquarters / overseas administrative center)
Area served
Eurasia (active mainly in Greater India and the Asia-Pacific region)
Southern Africa
Key people
Heeren XVII [nl]/Gentlemen Seventeen[d] (Dutch Republic, 1602–1799)
Governors-General of the Dutch East Indies[e] (Batavia, 1610–1800)
ProductsSpices,[2] silk, porcelain, metals, livestock, tea, grain, rice, soybeans, sugarcane,[3][4] wine,[5][6][7] coffee

The "United East India Company", or "United East Indies Company" (also known by the abbreviation "VOC" in Dutch) was the brainchild of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, the leading statesman of the Dutch Republic.


Replica of the VOC ship Duyfken under sail
The company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact an early-modern corporate model of vertically integrated global supply chain[2][5] and a proto-conglomerate, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as international trade (especially intra-Asian trade),[1][17][18][19][20][21] shipbuilding, and both production and trade of East Indian spices,[2] Indonesian coffee, Formosan sugarcane,[3][4] and South African wine.[5][6][7] The company was a transcontinental employer and a corporate pioneer of outward foreign direct investment at the dawn of modern capitalism. In the early 1600s, by widely issuing bonds and shares of stock to the general public,[f] VOC became the world's first formally listed public company.[g][h][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]

Founded in 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC), started off as a spice trader. In the same year, the VOC undertook the world's first recorded IPO. "Going public" enabled the company to raise the vast sum of 6.5 million guilders quickly. The VOC's institutional innovations and business practices[30][31][32] laid the foundations for the rise of modern-day global corporations and capital markets that now dominate the world's economic systems.[33]
With its pioneering institutional innovations and powerful roles in global business history, the company is often considered by many to be the forerunner of modern corporations. In many respects, modern-day corporations are all the 'direct descendants' of the VOC model.[31][34][35]