Question

Mindmap on Forest/Pond ecosystem

Answer 1

On the basis of water depth and types of vegetation and animals there may be three zones in a lake or pond littoral, limnetic and pro-fundal. The littoral zone is the shallow water region which is usually occupied by rooted plants. The limnetic-zone ranges from the shallow to the depth of effective light penetration and associated organisms are small crustaceans, rotifers, insects, and their larvae and algae. The pro-fundal zone is the deep water parts where there is no effective light penetration. The associated organisms are snails, mussels, crabs and worms (Fig. 3.3).



(i) Producers:

The main producers in pond or lake ecosystem are algae and other aquatic plants, such as Azolla, Hydrilla, Potamogeton, Pistia, Wolffia, Lemna, Eichhornia, Nymphaea, Jussiaea, etc. These are either floating or suspended or rooted at the bottom. The green plants convert the radiant energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis. The chemical energy stored in the form of food is utilized by all the organisms. Oxygen evolved by producers in photosynthesis is utilized by all the living or