MODAL VERBS- speculation exercises
Choose the correct phrase to complete each sentence
Ought to have left
Must have ieft
Could tum out Can't have won
Can be
Should have won
Should be May have been
a very tiring game sometimes, especially if it's a long match, the trophy again- I don't believe it That's six wins in a row
...
Can't be
Must have been Couldn't have been Must be
1 Tennis
2 He
one after another
the best day of his life when he became a champion of the world
4 You
just won an Olympic medal
5
holiday this week
6 You
the proudest parent in the world because your daughter
Malcolm you saw in the supermarket because he's away on
right when you said it would rain today. It's looking cloudy
7 You're going to be late. You
8 That
9
hours ago.
Dave at the door. I'm sure he said he was coming at four
o'clock, and it's only three now
to be a good day for a nice walk in the hills if the weather stays
them at school
easily Why didn't they?
like this.
10 I can't find my running shoes anywhere. I
11 They were the best team and they
12 He
here by now- the game is just about to start!
Answers
Answer:
A reader asked for some guidance on using the modal verbs "may," "might," "can," "could," and "ought." Editor Emily Brewster responds:
The entries for each of these include the complete definitions, as well as many example sentences, so I will discuss here only the aspects of each that I think are likely to cause confusion.
These verbs are all modal verbs, which means that they are generally used in combination with other verbs, and are used to change the verb's meaning to something different from simple fact. Modals express possibility, ability, prediction, permission, and necessity.
"Ought" is probably the simplest of this set of modal verbs. It's almost always followed by "to" and the infinitive form of a verb. It means the same thing as "should," and is used in the same ways, although "ought" is less common and a bit more formal. A few examples of "ought" are "We ought to be home by noon," which means "I expect that we will be home by noon," and "I ought to fix that," which means "I should fix that."
"May," "might," and "could" can all be used to say that something is possible, as in "The story may/might/could be true" or "The painting may/might/could be very old." You can use any of the three in contexts like these.
"May" and "might" can both be used to say that one thing is true but that something else is also true, as in "This car may/might be more expensive than the other cars, but it will be cheaper to maintain." (If we used "could" instead of "may" or "might" here the sentence would mean that it is not certain that the car is more expensive than the other cars.)
Both "may" and "can" are used to indicate that something is allowed, but "may" is more formal: "You may leave whenever you like" is more formal than "You can go whenever you want to." Children are often taught that only "may" is used for permission, and that "can" is used only for ability. (For example, a child may ask a question like "Can I go outside?" and the responding adult might correct the child by saying that the child is able to go outside, but must ask permission by using "may.") "Can," however, is often used for permission.
"Can," "may," and "could" are all used to make requests. "May" is formal in these contexts, while "can" and "could" appear mainly in speech: "May I have your attention?" is more formal than "Can I have your attention?" or "Could I have your attention?"
Making matters even more confusing, I think, is that two of the modal verbs we're discussing are, aside from being modal verbs in their own rights, the past tense forms of two of the others: "might" can be used as the past tense of "may," and "could" is the past tense of "can." "Might" functions as the past tense of "may" mostly in formal contexts, as in "Generously, the senator inquired as to whether she might be of any help to us." "(The usual way of expressing past tense with "may" is "may" followed by "have" and a past participle. The sentence "It may take longer than they expect it to," becomes "It may have taken longer than they expected it to.") "Could" is the usual past tense of "can": "We could see the ocean from the window of the cabin." (see also the usage note at "can")
For further guidance on these verbs, check the entries for each.
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