Question

Msh are treated with nanosized particle to target the receptor protein to regulate the specific signaling

Answer 1

Cancer is a leading cause of death in the US and around the world. A majority of anticancer agents in clinical use today are chemotherapeutics given systemically. These are toxic not only to cancerous cells but also to proliferating normal cells, such as those of the bone marrow and the intestinal epithelium. This can lead to severe side-effects and treatment failure. Therefore, improving the therapeutic index by increasing therapeutic effects to tumour cells and decreasing toxicity to healthy tissues is a central issue in improving cancer therapy. One strategy towards this goal is to develop new drugs that specifically interfere with intracellular pathways exclusive to cancer cells (Neidle and Thurston 2005).
Passive versus active targeting

In contrast to normal tissues, many solid tumours possess unique structural features of hyperpermeable vasculature and impaired lymphatic drainage (Matsumura and Maeda 1986, Hobbs et al. 1998). As a result, tumour tissues are relatively permeable to macromolecules and nanocarriers (Jain 1999, Torchilin 2005b, Gu et al. 2007, Peer et al. 2007, Gullotti and Yeo 2009, Shi et al. 2009b). Passive targeting, therefore, refers to the selective extravasation and retention of long-circulating nanocarriers at tumour sites due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In contrast, active targeting is based on specific interactions between the nanocarrier and receptors on the target cell, which may also promote internalization of nanocarriers through receptor mediated endocytosis