Question

name and define the two pre fertilization events that occur in sexual reproduction organism

Answer 1

All the events of sexual reproduction that take place before the fusion of gametes are included in this category. Two main pre-fertilisation events are gametogenesis (formation of gametes) and gamete transfer.

(i) Gametogenesis:

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The process of formation of male and female gametes is called gametogenesis. Gametes are haploid cells. Organisms such as monerans, fungi, algae and bryophytes have haploid parental body. Such type of organisms produce gametes by mitotic division and if the parent body is diploid; gametes are formed by meiosis.

When male and female gametes are similar appearance and it is not possible to differentiate them into male and female gametes, they are called homogametic or isogametes. If the male and female gametes are morphologically dissimilar they are called heterogametes. Among heterogametes, the male reproductive unit is called antherozoid or sperm and female reproductive unit is known as egg or ovum.

Cell Division during Gamete Formation:

Plants belonging to the pteridophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm and most of the animals including human beings have diploid parental body. In such organisms, specialised cells are present, which take part in the production of gametes. These cells are called meiocytes.

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At the time of gamete formation, meiocytes undergo meiotic division. As a result of meiotic division, the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells (i.e., in the gametes) reduce to half and thus from the diploid meiocytes thus, haploid gametes are formed.

Types of Gametes

(ii) Gamete Transfer:

In some algae and fungi, both male and female gametes are motile. In majority of organisms, male gametes are motile while, the female gametes are stationary. After gametes formation, male and female gametes should come in physical association, so that they can be fused with each other.

In algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, for the transfer of male gametes water acts as the medium. During this transfer a large number of gametes fail to reach the female gametes. To fulfil this loss, the number of male gametes produced is several thousands times the number of female gametes.

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Answer 2

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1. Pre-Fertilization Events:

All the events of sexual reproduction that take place before the fusion of gametes are included in this category. Two main pre-fertilisation events are gametogenesis (formation of gametes) and gamete transfer.

(i) Gametogenesis:



The process of formation of male and female gametes is called gametogenesis. Gametes are haploid cells. Organisms such as monerans, fungi, algae and bryophytes have haploid parental body. Such type of organisms produce gametes by mitotic division and if the parent body is diploid; gametes are formed by meiosis.

When male and female gametes are similar appearance and it is not possible to differentiate them into male and female gametes, they are called homogametic or isogametes. If the male and female gametes are morphologically dissimilar they are called heterogametes. Among heterogametes, the male reproductive unit is called antherozoid or sperm and female reproductive unit is known as egg or ovum.

Cell Division during Gamete Formation:

Plants belonging to the pteridophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm and most of the animals including human beings have diploid parental body. In such organisms, specialised cells are present, which take part in the production of gametes. These cells are called meiocytes.



At the time of gamete formation, meiocytes undergo meiotic division. As a result of meiotic division, the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells (i.e., in the gametes) reduce to half and thus from the diploid meiocytes thus, haploid gametes are formed.



(ii) Gamete Transfer:

In some algae and fungi, both male and female gametes are motile. In majority of organisms, male gametes are motile while, the female gametes are stationary. After gametes formation, male and female gametes should come in physical association, so that they can be fused with each other.

In algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, for the transfer of male gametes water acts as the medium. During this transfer a large number of gametes fail to reach the female gametes. To fulfil this loss, the number of male gametes produced is several thousands times the number of female gametes.

In flowering planes, pollen grains carry male gametes. When anther bursts, a large number of pollen grains are released. These pollen grains with the help of an agent (e.g., wind, water, insects) are transferred to the stigma of the pistil.

The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma is called pollination. On reaching the stigma, pollen grain germinates and a tube-like structure called pollen tube comes out of it. Pollen tube carries male gametes and grows downwards through the style until it reaches to ovule situated in the ovary. On reaching the ovule, pollen tube enters into it and then releases male gametes near the egg.

2. Fertilisation:

The process of fusion of male gametes with the female gametes is called fertilisation or syngamy. It results in the formation of a diploid zygote.

It is mainly of two types:

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(i) External Fertilisation:

In majority of the aquatic organisms, e.g., algae, fish and in amphibians, the process of fertilisation takes place outside the body of the organism, i.e., in the water. This type of gametic fusion is called external fertilisation. To enhance the chances of fertilisation, the organisms exhibiting external fertilisation discharge a large number of gametes into the water, e.g., bony fishes, amphibians, etc.

(ii) Internal Fertilisation:

In most of the terrestrial organisms, e.g., fungi, higher animals and majority of plants such as bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, the process of fertilisation takes place inside the body of the organism. This type of gametic fusion is called internal fertilisation.

In the organisms exhibiting internal fertilisation, non-motile egg is formed inside the female body and male gametes are motile. The number of ova produced are less, but a large number of male gametes are formed, as many of them fail to reach the ova.

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