Name and describe the 4 processes of observational learning
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we have to study at morning time it is good bcoz at that our time is fresh ,we can easily make clear our concepts
we have to make our mind free when we are doing studies instead of thinking other topics
we have to do study by sitting alone without any type of noise in peaceful place
we have to make our mind free when we are doing studies instead of thinking other topics
we have to do study by sitting alone without any type of noise in peaceful place
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Observational learning is a type of social learning that takes place by observing the behaviour of others. In this a social model like a parent, teacher, sibling or friend with surroundings is needed for the learning process.
The four processes involved in observational learning are attention, retention, initiation and motivation.
Attention: The individual pays attention to what is happening in the surroundings. This process is influenced by the characteristics of the model like how much an individual likes or identifies with the model, and the characteristics of the observer like the observer's level of emotional arousal or expectations.
Retention or Memory: This process is based on the observer's capacity to code or structure the information and remember it. It depends on his ability to rehearse the model's actions mentally or physically.
Initiation or Motor: The individual should be able to produce the act physically or intellectually. In order to reproduce the model's action the individual may require some skills which he has not yet acquired. For instance, he may observe a circus juggler but may not be able to repeat his actions.
Motivation: An individual does not produce learned behaviour until he is motivated to do so. Motivation can come from external reinforcement like a promise of reward or from the observation that the models are rewarded.
Some examples of observational learning are:
An example for learning when there is motivation can be seen from an experiment in which the girls aged 11 to 14 performed better on a motor performance task when it was demonstrated by a high-status cheerleader instead of a low-status model.
In the Bobo doll experiment conducted by Bandura showed that one group of children placed in an aggressive environment also acted aggressively while the control group and other group place in a passive role model environment did not show any signs of aggression.
Another example is that children learn to participate in the community by observing their elders.
Role of imitation in learning
Imitation plays an important role in learning. Infants can imitate simple facial expressions and actions by imitation. Around the age of two they can acquire social and personal skills by imitating a social model. Players can imitate the actions of skilled players and become adept in the game. Many other skills can be acquired by imitating the proficient people in different fields.
There are three kinds of models. They are live, verbal and symbolic models.
Live model - A live model can demonstrate a behaviour personally which the observer can imitate. For instance, yoga students can imitate the correct stance and movement of the yoga teacher.
Verbal model - The behaviour may be explained or described by a verbal instructional model. For instance, a coach may tell his young players how to kick the ball with the side of the foot instead of the toe.
Symbolic model - It can be a fictional character or a real person who demonstrates behaviour in movies, books, television shows, internet sources and video games. For example, a child can imitate the behaviour demonstrated by someone on television.
The four processes involved in observational learning are attention, retention, initiation and motivation.
Attention: The individual pays attention to what is happening in the surroundings. This process is influenced by the characteristics of the model like how much an individual likes or identifies with the model, and the characteristics of the observer like the observer's level of emotional arousal or expectations.
Retention or Memory: This process is based on the observer's capacity to code or structure the information and remember it. It depends on his ability to rehearse the model's actions mentally or physically.
Initiation or Motor: The individual should be able to produce the act physically or intellectually. In order to reproduce the model's action the individual may require some skills which he has not yet acquired. For instance, he may observe a circus juggler but may not be able to repeat his actions.
Motivation: An individual does not produce learned behaviour until he is motivated to do so. Motivation can come from external reinforcement like a promise of reward or from the observation that the models are rewarded.
Some examples of observational learning are:
An example for learning when there is motivation can be seen from an experiment in which the girls aged 11 to 14 performed better on a motor performance task when it was demonstrated by a high-status cheerleader instead of a low-status model.
In the Bobo doll experiment conducted by Bandura showed that one group of children placed in an aggressive environment also acted aggressively while the control group and other group place in a passive role model environment did not show any signs of aggression.
Another example is that children learn to participate in the community by observing their elders.
Role of imitation in learning
Imitation plays an important role in learning. Infants can imitate simple facial expressions and actions by imitation. Around the age of two they can acquire social and personal skills by imitating a social model. Players can imitate the actions of skilled players and become adept in the game. Many other skills can be acquired by imitating the proficient people in different fields.
There are three kinds of models. They are live, verbal and symbolic models.
Live model - A live model can demonstrate a behaviour personally which the observer can imitate. For instance, yoga students can imitate the correct stance and movement of the yoga teacher.
Verbal model - The behaviour may be explained or described by a verbal instructional model. For instance, a coach may tell his young players how to kick the ball with the side of the foot instead of the toe.
Symbolic model - It can be a fictional character or a real person who demonstrates behaviour in movies, books, television shows, internet sources and video games. For example, a child can imitate the behaviour demonstrated by someone on television.
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