Name any two industries which are benefitted from bhakra Nangal project.
Answers
it is the largest and the most important multipurpose project named after the two dams built at Bhakra and Nangal on the Satluj River. ADVERTISEMENTS: It is a joint venture of the Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan states designed to harness the precious water of the Satluj for the benefit of the concerned states
Answer:
The Bhakra-Nangal multipurpose dams are located in the state of Himachal Pradesh and named after the two dams built at Bhakra and Nangal on the Satluj River. The project comprises of (i) two dams at Bhakra and Nangal, (ii) Nangal Hydel Channel, (iii) power houses with a combined installed capacity of 1,204 megawatt (M.W.) (iv) Electric transmission lines and (v) Bhakra canal system for irrigation. It is one of the earliest river valley development schemes undertaken by India after independence although the project had been conceived long before that, in the early 1900s. The government of India strongly backed the project in order to make Punjab and Haryana the granaries of the nation and for ensuring water storage and energy generation. A secondary reason was the prevention of floods in the Sutluj-Beas river valley. The project has also been an important factor in the inter-state dispute between India and Pakistan, ultimately resolved with the Indus Treaty in 1960, under the aegis of the World Bank and and with the benevolence of the USA.
Bhakra did not add any new areas under irrigation, but rather transferred or shifted irrigation from one area to another - The figures of areas irrigated by the Bhakra project were highly overestimated and Bhakra itself was over-designed. (It was even found that water from the Sutlej was insufficient to fill up Bhakra, so water from the Beas was diverted to Bhakra through the Pandoh dam and the Beas Sutlej Link Project. Even after this diversion in 1977, the Bhakra dam has rarely filled to capacity [2].
- At the time of planning and construction, no alternatives have been considered by the government, although many were there on the table Critiques to Bhakra include the fact that resettlement schemes have not been properly implemented and have been carried out under violence and coercion. Bhakra submerged around 18,000 ha of land and displaced more than 370 villages. The number of people affected is hard to define. 36,000 land owners had their land affected but nobody knows about the rest of the people. Siltation and soil erosion have reached alarming levels and the situation is quite impossible to restore. What should be questioned is the belief in overexploitation of water resources for increasing agricultural yields and the absolute need for more larga dams and water infrastructures.
Due to the rapid changes under the "Green Revolution", most of the Sutluj water does not reach the sea but is diverted to fields and sometimes accumulated underground, causing water logging, and soil quality is very poor, making farmers depend on chemicals. SANDRP reminds that "According to ‘India Irrigation Options Study', done for the WCD, the total gross contribution of lands irrigated by all large dams in India comes to only around 10%. The net contribution (net of lands lost to dams, net of potential contribution of these projects without large dams, etc) would be much less. Unfortunately, the government has never bothered to assess the performance of its own large projects." [2] Manthan centre's study reports that villagers were initially understanding and accommodating with the government, even if this caused them serious distress and hardships. The faith in the authorities and their developmentalist agenda eroded with years passing by, as they realised they paid a much higher price for no real benefits at all and their suggestions and proposals were not taken into account.
Still today, Bhakra complex remains a symbol of a blind faith in big infrastructure solving all problems, of the race to rapid increase of production for meeting the nation's need. But also a symbol of its failing, and the urgent need to implement existing alternative proposals and redefinition of development.
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