name the distinct season experienced in India and their duration
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Answer:
the four main types of distinct seasons in India. The types are: 1. Winter Season 2. Summer Season or Pre-Monsoon Season 3. South-West Monsoon Season 4. North-East Monsoon or Post-Monsoon Season.
Type # 1. Winter Season (January – February):
The cold weather season is characterised by the anti-cyclonic winds prevailing over most parts of the country. Siberia high becomes very active. North-west India is dominated by cold north-westerly winds. These winds are dry, cold and stable.
Therefore, sky remains clear most of the time. Temperature distribution over India decreases from south to north. This period is characterised by cold air mass over northern India resulting in cold wave conditions.
Temperature generally remains around or below 0°C. Frosty nights are very common during this period due to cold advection from north. Sub-tropical westerly jet stream is positioned over Northern India along 29°N at a height of 12 km.
Wind speed in the central core of jet stream may be around 200 km per hour but sometimes may exceed 400 km per hour. Westerlies prevail north of 20°N and to the south of this latitude north-easterlies prevail over peninsular India.
During winter season, most parts of India remain dry, however, north-west India receives rainfall from western disturbances moving across north India. The winter rainfall is beneficial for rabi crops.
Moreover, these western disturbances modify the climatic conditions which become favourable for the crop plants. Peninsular India is dominated by the north-easterly wind which is known as north-east monsoon or winter monsoon. As a result, south-eastern coast of India receives rainfall.
Type # 2. Summer Season or Pre-Monsoon Season (March – May):
During this period, a high pressure area is gradually replaced by a low pressure area. Cyclonic winds gain strength with the advance of the season. During the months of May and June, north-west India and adjoining Pakistan area are under the influence of vertical sun rays resulting in excessive solar radiation.
Due to intense heating of the land, a thermal high is created, as a result warm air rises forming a low pressure area. This is also known as thermally induced low pressure area. During this period, highest temperature is observed over north-west India. The day temperature generally remains around 40°C but some time temperature may approach 50°C over Rajasthan area.
Type # 3. South-West Monsoon Season (June – September):
A seasonal low pressure is established over north-west India and adjoining Pakistan area due to intense heating. Westerly winds over north India are completely replaced by south easterly winds. Another important feature is a monsoon trough which extends from seasonal low pressure area to the head Bay across Rajasthan, U.P, Bihar and West Bengal.
Indian ocean has high pressure area and south-north pressure gradient becomes very strong. The temperature decreases from north to south, therefore, north-south temperature gradient is set up.
Type # 4. North-East Monsoon or Post-Monsoon Season (October – December):
South-west monsoon withdraws from many parts of India. A low pressure area over north-west India is replaced by a high pressure area or anticyclonic circulation. Most southeasterly winds over central parts of India are completely replaced by dry north-westerly or westerly winds.
High pressure area over Indian ocean becomes weak and is replaced by low pressure area due to high temperature caused by the vertical sun rays in the tropical areas of Southern hemisphere. Upper anticyclonic circulation becomes strong, the ridge line of which passes through central India.
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