name the mineral constituent deficient in the delay is seed germination
Answers
Seed germination is a crucial process that influences crop yield and quality. Therefore, understanding the molecular aspects of seed dormancy and germination is of a great significance for the improvement of crop yield and quality. Significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of plant hormones, mainly ABA and GA, in the regulation of seed dormancy and germination in dicot species; however, this phenomenon is scarcely studied in cereals. Therefore, further study is required to identify the molecular features involved in the regulation of the metabolic and signaling aspects of different plant hormones, and therefore seed dormancy and germination in cereals. In addition, the roles of other regulatory factors, such as epigenetic and posttranscriptional regulations of gene expression in controlling dormancy and germination of cereal seeds remain to be clarified.
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Seed germination is a parameter of the prime significance, and fundamental to total biomass and yield production and consists of a complex phenomenon of many physiological and biochemical changes leading to the activation of embryo (Parihar et al., 2014). A significant negative correlation generally exists between the seed germination percentage, time for seed germination and level of salinity (Kaveh et al., 2011). During seed germination, salinity results in many disorders and metabolic changes such as solute leakage, K+ efflux and α-amylase activity (Shereen et al., 2011). Firstly, salinity reduces moisture availability by inducing osmotic stress and, secondly, creates nutrient imbalance and ionic toxicity (Munns and Tester, 2008; Rajendran et al., 2009). Cell membranes are the hotspots for controlling active and passive transfer of solutes, and regulating plant nutrient uptake (Munns and Tester, 2008). An imbalance of mineral nutrients under salinity stress generally alters the structural and chemical composition of the lipid bilayer membrane, and, hence, controls the ability of the membrane for selective transport of solutes and ions inwards and, the membrane could become leaky to the solutes they contain (Cushman, 2001; Lodhi et al., 2009).
Shereen et al. (2011) conducted experiments to study the effects of salinity on seed germination of six rice varieties differing in salt tolerance by treating them with 0, 50, 75, 100, 200 mM NaCl solutions. The results revealed that salinity caused a delay in germination of rice seeds with 3–6 days of delay in treatments containing 100 and 200 mM NaCl respectively, advocating a strong negative relationship between salinity and seed germination. The rice cultivators exhibiting minimal leakage of solutes showed relatively higher germination under high salinity stress of 100 and 200 mM NaCl compared to the cultivars exhibited higher solute leakage. Similarly, Jamil et al. (2012) investigated the effects of salinity on seed germination of three different rice genotypes and found that the rice cultivars differed in their germination response to salt stress. Increase in salinity from 0 to 150 mM adversely affected the seed germination percentage and significantly delayed seed germination.