Question

names of 12 cell organelles with explanation of discovery,structure,functions and location

Answer 1

Mitochondria The “powerhouses” of the cell, mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. As the site of cellular respiration, mitochondria serve to transform molecules such as glucose into an energy molecule known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP fuels cellular processes by breaking its high-energy chemical bonds. Mitochondria are most plentiful in cells that require significant amounts of energy to function, such as liver and muscle cells. Golgi apparatus the proteins from the rough ER require further modification, they are transported to the Golgi apparatus (or Golgi complex). Like the ER, the Golgi apparatus is composed of folded membranes. It searches the protein’s amino acid sequences for specialized “codes” and modifies them accordingly. These processed proteins are then stored in the Golgi or packed in vesicles to be shipped elsewhere in the cell. Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity. They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae.

chloroplasts in plants and some algae, organelles are known as chloroplasts serve as the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts contain a pigment known as chlorophyll, which captures the sun’s energy to transform water and carbon dioxide into glucose for food. Chloroplasts allow autotrophic organisms to meet their energy needs without consuming other organisms. chloroplast is an organelle unique to plant cells that contain chlorophyll (which is what makes plants green) and is responsible for enabling photosynthesis to occur so that plants can convert sunlight into chemical energy.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous organelle that shares part of its membrane with that of the nucleus. Some portions of the ER, known as the rough ER, are studded with ribosomes and are involved with protein manufacture. The rest of the organelle is referred to as the smooth ER and serves to produce vital lipids (fats)The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol.

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell. Composed of two subunits, they can be found floating freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum. Using the templates and instructions provided by two different types of RNA, ribosomes synthesize a variety of proteins that are essential to the survival of the cell.translation is protein synthesis by creating a chain of amino acids linked together by polypeptide bonds. Ribosomes are composed of two different subunits, called the large subunit and the small subunit.

the nucleus is known as the cell’s “command centre,” the nucleus is a large organelle that stores the cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The nucleus controls all of the cell’s activities, such as growth and metabolism, using the DNA’s genetic information. Within the nucleus is a smaller structure called the nucleolus, which houses the RNA (ribonucleic acid). RNA helps convey the DNA’s orders to the rest of the cell and serves as a template for protein synthesis. The nucleolus is a round body located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. It is not surrounded by a membrane but sits in the nucleus. The nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits from proteins    and ribosomal RNA
Lysosomes are spherical, membrane-bound organelles present in the cytoplasm of animal cells. Plant cells rarely contain lysosomes. The word 'lysosome' is derived from the two Greek words - 'lysis' (destruction) and 'soma' (body). These spherical organelles are bound by a phospholipid bilayer and are about 0.2 to 2 μm in diameter. This membrane-bound interior has a pH of 4.8 and contains a set of lytic enzymes called hydrolases, which can collectively digest almost any type of macromolecule. Proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, DNA, RNA, etc., can be hydrolyzed by these enzymes inside the acidic interior of the lysosomes. Lysosomes are polymorphic and exist as primary, secondary, autophagic and secretory lysosomes. The breakdown of unwanted macromolecules is the main function of these organelles. In addition, they are also involved in cell membrane repair and play a major role in the immune response against foreign bodies like bacteria, viruses and other antigens. A detailed account of the role they play in various cellular processes has been given below. inside a cell, numerous organelles function to remove wastes. One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is the lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Answer 2

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Nucleus

copies genetic material and ensures correct copying of genetic material
double membraned
_______________________________
Ribosome

large and small subunit
responsible for production of proteins
_______________________________
Endoplasmic reticulum

smooth (w/o ribosomes) 
rough (w/ ribosomes)
_______________________________
Golgi apparatus

modify, sort and package proteins from ER
_______________________________
Lysosomes

destroys worn out or damaged organelles
protects cell from foreign invaders
_______________________________
Cilia

hair-like
move proteins
short and many
_______________________________
Flagella

sperm like
move liquid
long and few
_______________________________
Vacuoles

store water and food in plant cells
_______________________________
Vesicles

transport protein from ER to Golgi app
_______________________________
Mitochondria

produce ATP
help during transitional step, Krebs cycle and chemiosmosis
_______________________________
Chloroplast

convert solar energy into food (sugar)
double membrane
_______________________________
Peroxisome

involved in lipid biosynthesis
breakdown of fatty acid molecules (beta-oxidation)
_______________________________
Cytoskeleton

supports cell and provides shape
aids movement of materials in and out of cell
_______________________________
Cell junctions
_______________________________
_______________________________
3 types: tight, anchoring and gap
_______________________________
Tight junction

maintain tissue integrity
made of epithelia
_______________________________
Anchoring junction

act as barrier to permeability
made of cadherin's and catenin's
_______________________________
Gap junction

allow intercellular transport
made of cannikins
_______________________________

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