Question

note on Stone statues of Harrapan​

Answer 1

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Almost all figurines were crafted from terra-cotta, but a few sculptures towards the end of the Indus Valley Civilization have been cast of bronze. Modern bronze sculptures, especially prominent in Hindu India, seem to have originated from the human figurines of the Indus Valley.

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Answer 2

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1. The arts of Indus Valley civilisation, one of the earliest civilisations of the world, emerged during the second half of the third millennium (Bronze Age).
2. The forms of art found from various sites of civilisation include sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta figures, etc.
3. Their delineation of human and animal figures was highly realistic in nature.
4. Modelling of figures was done in an extremely careful manner.
5. Two major sites of Indus Valley civilization, along the river Indus are: North – cities of Harappa; South – Mohenjo-Daro.
6. The site showcase one of the earliest examples of civic planning.
7. Houses, markets, storage facilities, offices, etc. arranged in a grid-like pattern.
8. In this pattern, roads were cut across one another in 90-degree angle and the city was divided into blocks.
9. There was also a highly developed drainage system.
10. While Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are situated in Pakistan, the important sites excavated in India are:

• Lothal, Surkotada, Dholavira – Gujarat
• Rakhigarh and Banwali – Haryana
• Ropar – Punjab
• Kalibangan and Balatha – Rajasthan
• Materials used: Stone, Bronze, Terracotta, Clay etc.
• The arts of Indus valley which are excavated yet are:

Stone Statues:

• Stone statues found in Indus valley sites are excellent examples of handling the 3D volume.
• Two major stone statues are:
• Beaded Man (Priest Man, Priest-King)
• Indus Valley Priest

Found in Mohenjo-Daro.

Bearded man’s figure made of Steatite.

• The figure interpreted as a priest and is draped in a shawl coming under the right arm and covering the left shoulder.
• The shawl is decorated with trefoil pattern.
• The eyes are elongated and half closed as in a meditative concentration.
• Nose is well formed and medium size.
• Short cut moustache and a short beard and whiskers.
• Hair is parted in the middle and a plain woven fillet is passed round the head.
• An armlet on the right hand and holes around neck suggest necklace.
• A slight touch of the Greek style of statues can be seen overall.

Male Torso

• Found in Harappa (only major art element found in Harappa).
• Made of Red Sandstone.
• There are socket holes in the neck and shoulders for the attachment of head and arms.
• Legs are broken.
• The shoulders are well baked and the abdomen slightly prominent.
• One of the well carved and finished work.

Bronze Casting:

Bronze casting was practiced in wide scale in almost all major sites of the civilization.

The technique used for Bronze Casting was Lost Wax Technique.

After allowed to dry the clay, the whole thing is heated so that the wax inside the clay will be melted. The molten wax was then drained out through a tiny hole made in the clay part. The hollow mold of clay thus created was filled with molten metal. Once it cooled, the clay cover was completely removed

• Human as well as animal figures are present in the Bronze casting.
• Amongst animal figures the buffalo with its uplifted head, back and sweeping horns and the goat are artistic merits.
• Copper dog and bird of Lothal and the Bronze figure of a bull from Kalibangan shows that Bronze casting was popular at all centers of Indus valley civilization.
• Metal casting continued even after the Indus valley civilization through late Harappan, Chalcolithic people, etc.