History, asked by mahtosaroj160, 4 days ago

notes of ch 9 history class 8​

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Answered by llDivyall
1

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Explanation:

The Emergence of Nationalism

India was the people of India irrespective of class, colour, caste, creed, language, or gender. Even its resources and systems were meant for all of them. But, the British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people. This consciousness began to be clearly stated by the political associations formed after 1850, especially those that came into being in the 1870s and 1880s. The more important ones were the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the Madras Mahajan Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association, and the Indian National Congress.

These associations functioned in specific parts of the country and their goals were stated as the goals of all the people of India. They believed that the Indian people should be empowered to take decisions regarding their affairs.

In 1878, the Arms Act was passed, which disallowed Indians from possessing arms. During the same year, the Vernacular Press Act was enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of the government. Under this Act, the government was allowed to confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if anything that was published was found “objectionable”. In 1883, the Ilbert Bill was introduced which provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country.

The Indian National Congress was established in December 1885. The early leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer, among others largely belonged to Bombay and Calcutta.

A nation in the making

In the first twenty years, Congress demanded Indians in the government and in administration. It wanted the Legislative Council to be more representative, more powerful and introduced in provinces where none existed. It demanded Indians to be placed in high positions in the government. The demand for Indianisation of the administration was against racism since most important jobs were monopolised by white officials. Indianisation would reduce the drain of wealth to England. Other demands included the separation of the judiciary from the executive, the repeal of the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression.

The Congress raised a number of economic issues. The British rule led to poverty and famines. They demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation. The Congress also passed many resolutions on the salt tax, treatment of Indian labourers abroad, and the sufferings of forest dwellers.

The Moderate leaders published newspapers, wrote articles, and showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice, and so they would accept the demands of Indians.

“Freedom is our birthright”

Many Indians raised questions against the political style of the Congress. In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab, leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai criticised the Moderates for their politics of prayers and emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work.

Bengal got partitioned in 1905 which was the biggest province of British India. The British divided Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience. The British instead of removing the non-Bengali areas from the province, separated East Bengal and merged it with Assam.

The Moderates and the Radicals opposed the partition of Bengal. The mast protest and large public meetings led to the Swadeshi movement, strongest in Bengal and in deltaic Andhra, it was known as the Vandemataram Movement.

The Swadeshi movement opposed British rule and encouraged the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise, national education, and use of Indian languages. Some individuals suggested that revolutionary violence would be necessary to overthrow British rule.

All India Muslim League was founded by a group of Muslim landlords and nawabs at Dacca in 1906. It supported the partition of Bengal. The League desired separate electorates for Muslims, a demand conceded by the government in 1909. The Congress split in 1907. After the split, the Congress came to be dominated by the Moderates with Tilak’s followers functioning from outside. The two groups reunited in December 1915. The Congress and the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact and decided to work together for representative government in the country.

Answered by rimpakuila999
0

Explanation:

Freedom is our birthright”

Many Indians raised questions against the political style of the Congress. In Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab, leaders such as Bepin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai criticised the Moderates for their politics of prayers and emphasised the importance of self-reliance and constructive work.

Bengal got partitioned in 1905 which was the biggest province of British India. The British divided Bengal for reasons of administrative convenience. The British instead of removing the non-Bengali areas from the province, separated East Bengal and merged it with Assam.

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