● notes on feminist?
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Feminism is a philosophy advocating equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities for women. The term has been used for close to a century in the United States: Even before winning the right to vote in 1920, women who sought women's rights called themselves feminists.Between 1920 and 1960, enthusiasm for the women's rights movement decreased. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the United States Constitution, which would have made sex discrimination officially unconstitutional, caused feminists to split during the 1920s and form two camps — those who favored the ERA and those who opposed it. The Great Depression and World War II also hindered gains for feminists.
In the 1960s, political activism for women's rights began to increase. Two branches formed: a middle-aged group of professional women who advocated legislative reform, and a younger group of women who favored revolutionary change and called themselves women's liberationists. By the mid-1970s, these groups merged to form organizations such as the National Organization for Women (NOW).
During this time, President John F. Kennedy established a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women and, in 1961, named Eleanor Roosevelt its chairperson. The commission's report revealed widespread discrimination against women in the workplace, as well as in the law, and a lack of adequate childcare. In 1963, the first civil rights legislation for women, the Equal Pay Act, was passed. Since then, Congress has passed other laws prohibiting discrimination against women.
Through their writing, feminists such as Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and Germaine Greer have brought awareness of the plight of women to the public. While attending college, Kingsolver read the writings of Friedan and Steinem. Greatly influenced by her readings, Kingsolver writes about women, their struggles to survive, their relationships with each other, and their commitment to motherhood.
In The Bean Trees, the protagonist and the other central characters are women. The women who have children (Taylor and Lou Ann) are either not married or separated from their husbands. They manage to survive by forming a community in which they can depend on each other. Throughout the novel, Kingsolver introduces feminist issues that she feels strongly about, such as childcare, sexual harassment, and the capabilities of women in typically male-dominated workplaces.
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Feminism, the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. Although largely originating in the West, feminism is manifested worldwide and is represented by various institutions committed to activity on behalf of women’s rights and interests.
Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men. In medieval Europe, women were denied the right to own property, to study, or to participate in public life. At the end of the 19th century in France, they were still compelled to cover their heads in public, and, in parts of Germany, a husband still had the right to sell his wife. Even as late as the early 20th century, women could neither vote nor hold elective office in Europe and in most of the United States (where several territories and states granted women’s suffrage long before the federal government did so). Women were prevented from conducting business without a male representative, be it father, brother, husband, legal agent, or even son. Married women could not exercise control over their own children without the permission of their husbands. Moreover, women had little or no access to education and were barred from most professions. In some parts of the world, such restrictions on women continue today.
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