One minute speech on drainage
Answers
Answer:
Honorable jury and my dear friends Good
morning to one and all. Here standing in front of you ( name) and I have got the golden opportunity to express my views on the topic “Brain Drain”.
Brain Drain.. what is it? Actually it is the phenomenon of people migrating from developing countries to developed countries. So, how can Indians be behind? Many of us want to coin money and there are many other reasons for it. Some of them can be mentioned as- lifestyle and job satisfaction abroad are much higher than in India. There is great demand abroad for chefs, cooks, waiters, plumbers, drivers, welders, farm hands and carpenters. So Indians get attracted towards handsome salaries in US dollars. And moreover Indians get jobs there whereas they face unemployment in India.
Friends, do you have any idea what are consequences faced by our country due to brain drain. If not then listen to this India is losing trained doctors, nurses, engineers and scientists. Most IIT, MBA graduates prefer working abroad. India is facing acute shortage of doctors in rural areas. Industry experts quote : quality engineers are hard to find. Whereas on the flip side, Indian software developers and financial experts heading for foreign countries.
Now if taken glance at solutions Indian government and society have done for stoppage of brain drain then it is found that in contemporary India, self-employment and business opportunities are growing at a good & faster rate. Government is still planning further to check and root out this problem completely
Answer:
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess of water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils is good enough to prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.
Current practices
A plastic (PVC) flexible drainage pipe, used to drain water from the roof of a residential house or building
Geotextiles
New drainage systems incorporate geotextile filters that retain and prevent fine grains of soil from passing into and clogging the drain. Geotextiles are synthetic textile fabrics specially manufactured for civil and environmental engineering applications. Geotextiles are designed to retain fine soil particles while allowing water to pass through. In a typical drainage system, they would be laid along a trench which would then be filled with coarse granular material: gravel, sea shells, stone or rock. The geotextile is then folded over the top of the stone and the trench is then covered by soil. Groundwater seeps through the geotextile and flows through the stone to an outfell. In high groundwater conditions a perforated plastic (PVC or PE) pipe is laid along the base of the drain to increase the volume of water transported in the drain.
Alternatively, a prefabricated plastic drainage system made of HDPE, often incorporating geotextile, coco fiber or rag filters can be considered. The use of these materials has become increasingly more common due to their ease of use which eliminates the need for transporting and laying stone drainage aggregate which is invariably more expensive than a synthetic drain and concrete liners.
Over the past 30 years geotextile, PVC filters and HDPE filters have become the most commonly used soil filter media. They are cheap to produce and easy to lay, with factory controlled properties that ensure long term filtration performance even in fine silty soil conditions.
21st century alternatives
Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. The project focuses on designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems".[3] The streets are characterized by ditches along the side of the roadway, with plantings designed throughout the area. An emphasis on non curbed sidewalks allows water to flow more freely into the areas of permeable surface on the side of the streets. Because of the plantings, the run off water from the urban area does not all directly go into the ground, but can also be absorbed into the surrounding environment. Monitoring conducted by Seattle Public Utilities reports a 99 percent reduction of storm water leaving the drainage project[3]
Drainage has undergone a large-scale environmental review in the recent past in the United Kingdom. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are designed to encourage contractors to install drainage system that more closely mimic the natural flow of water in nature. Since 2010 local and neighbourhood planning in the UK is required by law to factor SUDS into any development projects that they are responsible for.
Slot drainage has proved the most breakthrough product of the last twenty years as a drainage option. As a channel drainage system it is designed to eliminate the need for further pipework systems to be installed in parallel to the drainage, reducing the environmental impact of production as well as improving water collection. Stainless steel, concrete channel, PVC and HDPE are all materials available for slot drainage which have become industry standards on construction projects.